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Technological Convergence in Emerging Economies: An Investigation with Unit Root Tests

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 567 - 586, 02.08.2023

Mustafa Zuhal

https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520

Öz

Technological developments play an important role in economic growth and development and form the basis in the convergence of socioeconomic factors between developed and developing countries, especially income. At the same time, developing countries aim to catch up with the leading countries by improving their technological capabilities, and examining the technological convergence between countries, especially developing countries, is essential at this stage. This study aims to examine whether technological convergence occurs in 10 emerging economies. For this purpose, the study analyzes technological convergence over the variables of number of patents, labor productivity, and total factor productivity using Pesaran’s (2007) cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) and seemingly unrelated regression augmented Dickey-Fuller (SURADF) unit root tests. According to the results of the analysis, although there is convergence in some countries, it does not confirm in general technological convergence among the countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Technological development Technological capability Technological convergence Emerging economies Unit root test

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about growth And other essays on economic growth and welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Albulescu, C., Oros, C., & Tiwari, A. (2017). Is there any convergence in health expenditures across EU countries?Economics Bulletin, 37(3), 2095-2101. hal-01981082 . google scholar
  • AlKathiri, N. (2022). Labour productivity growth and convergence in manufacturing: A nonparametric production frontier approach. Applied Economics, 54(4), 406-429. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.1963410. google scholar
  • Apergis, N. (2015). Convergence in Public Expenditure Across a Sample of Emerging Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(3) , 448-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/154049 6X.2015.1025670. google scholar
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. (2017). Per capita carbon dioxide emissions across U.S. states by sector and fossil fuel source: Evidence from club convergence tests. Energy Economics 63, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eneco.2016.11.027. google scholar
  • Apergis, N., Christou, C., & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in public expenditures across EU countries: evidence from club convergence. Economics & Finance Research, 1, 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/216494 80.2013.86273. google scholar
  • Archibugi , D., & Pianta, M. (1996). Measuring technological Change through patents and innovation surveys. Technovation, 16(9), 451-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4972(96)00031-4. google scholar
  • Archibugi, D. (1992). Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review. Science and Public Policy, 19(6), 357-368. DOI: 10.1093/spp/19.6.35. google scholar
  • Archibugi, D., & Coco, A. (2004). A New Indicator of Technological Capabilities for Developed and Developing Countries (ArCo). World Development 32(4), 629-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.008. google scholar
  • Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kalkınma Küresel Kalkınma Odaklı Sorunlar Yeni Model Arayışları. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth 2, 1-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930. google scholar
  • Baumol, W. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469. google scholar
  • Blanco, F., Delgado, F., & Presno, M. (2020). R&D expenditure in the EU: convergence or divergence? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja 33(1), 1685-1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1756371. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, K. (2018). Teknolojik Yakınsama: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Bir Analiz. L. Aytemiz, E. Karayılmazlar içinde, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimlerde Akademik Araştırmalar- V (s. 357-370). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı. google scholar
  • Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2001). Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit-Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity. Review of International Economics, 9 (3), 482-493. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9396.00294. google scholar
  • Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series-specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64 (5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00276. google scholar
  • Byrne, J., Fazio, G., & Piacentino, D. (2009). Total Factor Productivity Convergence among Italian Regions: Some Evidence from Panel Unit Root Tests. Regional Studies 43(1), 63-76. https://doi. org/10.1080/00343400701654137. . google scholar
  • Caldas, J., Godinho, M., & Mamede, R. (2009). Simulating the prospects of technological catching us. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 18(6), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590802233651. . google scholar
  • Camilla, M., Serlenga, L., & Shin, Y. (2013). Globalisation and technological convergence in the EU. J Prod Anal 40, 15-29. DOI 10.1007/s11123-012-0308-9. google scholar
  • Castellanos-Sosa, F. (2020). Labor Productivity Convergence in Mexico, . International Journal of Political Economy, 49 (3), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2020.1824733. google scholar
  • Cavenaile, L., & Dubois, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of incomeconvergence in the European Union. Applied Economics Letters, 18, 1705-1708. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2011.560104. google scholar
  • Caviggioli, F. (2016). Technology fusion: Identification and analysis of the drivers of technology convergence using patent data. Technovation 55-56, 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016lj.technovation.2016.04.003. google scholar
  • Co, C., & Wohar, M. (2004). Technological convergence among US regions and states. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 13(2), 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590410001628107. google scholar
  • Ferreiro, J., Garcia-Del-Valle, M., & Gomez, C. (2009). Is the composition of public expenditures converging in EMU countries? Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 31(3), 459-484. DOI 10.2753/PKE0160-3477310305. google scholar
  • Fischer, R., & Serra, S. (1996). Income Convergence within and between Countries. International Economic Review, 37(3), 531-551. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2527440. google scholar
  • FRED. (2023, 01 03). Economic Data. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/searchresults?st=factor+productivity adresinden alındı google scholar
  • ILO. (2023, 01 03). Statistics on Labour Productivity. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/ adresinden alındı google scholar
  • Jungmittag, A. (2005). Innovations, Technological Specialisation and Economic Convergence in the EU. S. Welfens, and A. Wziatek-Kubiak içinde, Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics The Economics of EU Eastern Enlargement (s. 171-199). Berlin: Springer . google scholar
  • Kathuria, V., & Oh, K. (2018). ICT access: Testing for convergence across countries. The Information Society 34(3), 166-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2018.1438549. . google scholar
  • Lall, S. (1992). Technological Capabilities and Industrialisation. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi. org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F. google scholar
  • Lall, S. (1998). Technological Capabilities in Emerging Asia,. Oxford Development Studies, 26(2), 213-243. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13600819808424154. google scholar
  • Leonida, L., Petraglia, C., & Murillo-Zamorano, L. (2004). Total factor productivity and the convergence hypothesis in the Italian regions. Applied Economics, 36(19), 2187-2193. DOI: 10.1080/0003684042000282506. google scholar
  • Lim, L., & McAleer, M. (2004). Convergence and catching up in ASEAN: a comparative analysis. Applied Economics, 36(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000174038. . google scholar
  • Makkonen, T. (2015). National innovation system capabilities among leader and follower countries: widening gaps or global convergence? Innovation and Development, 5(1), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/215793 0X.2014.992818. . google scholar
  • Narayan, S. (2007). Do health expenditures ‘catch-up’? Evidence from OECD countries. Health Econ. 16(10), 9931008. DOI: 10.1002/hec.1196. google scholar
  • Nghiem, S., & Connelly, L. (2017). Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in OECD countries. Health Economics Review 7(29), 2-11. DOI 10.1186/s13561-017-0164-. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951. . google scholar
  • Rey, S., & Montouri, B. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945. google scholar
  • Sedgley, N. (1998). Technology gaps, economic growth and convergence across US states, . Applied Economics Letters, 5(1), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/758540128. google scholar
  • Strazicich, M., & List, J. (2003). Are CO 2 Emission Levels Converging Among Industrial Countries? Environmental andResource Economics 24, 263-271. https://doi.Org/10.1023/A:1022910701857. google scholar
  • Taymaz, E. (2001). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Teknolojik Değişim ve Yenilik Süreçleri. Ankara: TÜBİTAK / TTGV / DİE. google scholar
  • Turganbayev, Y. (2017). Total factor productivity convergence across the Kazakh regions. Post-Communist Economies, 29(2), 182-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2016.1267975. google scholar
  • Ulucak, R. (2018). Çevre Kalitesi Açısından Yakınsama Hipotezine Yeni Bir Bakış: Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Kulüp Yakınsamaya Dayalı Ampirik Bir Analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 29-38. https:// doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552674. google scholar
  • Utku-İsmihan, F. (2019). Knowledge, technological convergence and economic growth: a dynamic panel data analysis of Middle East and North Africa and Latin America. Quality & Quantity 53, 713-733. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11135-018-0785-7. google scholar
  • Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • WIPO. (2023, 01 13). WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/index.htm?tab=patent adresinden alındı google scholar
  • World Bank. (2022, 12 08). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/ knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups adresinden alındı google scholar

Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 567 - 586, 02.08.2023

Mustafa Zuhal

https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520

Öz

Teknolojik gelişmeler, ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesinde ve kalkınmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki başta gelir olmak üzere sosyoekonomik faktörlerde yakınsamanın temelinde teknolojik gelişmeler yer almaktadır. Aynı zamanda gelişmekte olan ülkeler teknolojik yetenek düzeylerini geliştirerek lider ülkeleri yakalamayı hedeflemektedirler. Bu aşamada başta gelişmekte olan ülkeler olmak üzere ülkeler arasındaki teknolojik yakınsamanın incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada on yükselen ekonomide teknolojik yakınsamanın olup olmadığının incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda patent sayıları, işgücü verimliliği ve toplam faktör verimliliği üzerinden teknolojik yakınsama Pesaran CADF ve SURADF birim kök testleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bazı ülkelerde yakınsama olsa da, ülkeler arasında genel olarak teknolojik yakınsama doğrulanamamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Teknolojik gelişme Teknolojik yetenek Teknolojik yakınsama Yükselen ekonomiler ve Birim kök testi

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır.

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

Bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about growth And other essays on economic growth and welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Albulescu, C., Oros, C., & Tiwari, A. (2017). Is there any convergence in health expenditures across EU countries?Economics Bulletin, 37(3), 2095-2101. hal-01981082 . google scholar
  • AlKathiri, N. (2022). Labour productivity growth and convergence in manufacturing: A nonparametric production frontier approach. Applied Economics, 54(4), 406-429. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.1963410. google scholar
  • Apergis, N. (2015). Convergence in Public Expenditure Across a Sample of Emerging Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(3) , 448-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/154049 6X.2015.1025670. google scholar
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. (2017). Per capita carbon dioxide emissions across U.S. states by sector and fossil fuel source: Evidence from club convergence tests. Energy Economics 63, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eneco.2016.11.027. google scholar
  • Apergis, N., Christou, C., & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in public expenditures across EU countries: evidence from club convergence. Economics & Finance Research, 1, 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/216494 80.2013.86273. google scholar
  • Archibugi , D., & Pianta, M. (1996). Measuring technological Change through patents and innovation surveys. Technovation, 16(9), 451-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4972(96)00031-4. google scholar
  • Archibugi, D. (1992). Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review. Science and Public Policy, 19(6), 357-368. DOI: 10.1093/spp/19.6.35. google scholar
  • Archibugi, D., & Coco, A. (2004). A New Indicator of Technological Capabilities for Developed and Developing Countries (ArCo). World Development 32(4), 629-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.008. google scholar
  • Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kalkınma Küresel Kalkınma Odaklı Sorunlar Yeni Model Arayışları. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth 2, 1-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930. google scholar
  • Baumol, W. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469. google scholar
  • Blanco, F., Delgado, F., & Presno, M. (2020). R&D expenditure in the EU: convergence or divergence? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja 33(1), 1685-1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1756371. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, K. (2018). Teknolojik Yakınsama: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Bir Analiz. L. Aytemiz, E. Karayılmazlar içinde, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimlerde Akademik Araştırmalar- V (s. 357-370). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı. google scholar
  • Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2001). Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit-Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity. Review of International Economics, 9 (3), 482-493. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9396.00294. google scholar
  • Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series-specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64 (5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00276. google scholar
  • Byrne, J., Fazio, G., & Piacentino, D. (2009). Total Factor Productivity Convergence among Italian Regions: Some Evidence from Panel Unit Root Tests. Regional Studies 43(1), 63-76. https://doi. org/10.1080/00343400701654137. . google scholar
  • Caldas, J., Godinho, M., & Mamede, R. (2009). Simulating the prospects of technological catching us. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 18(6), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590802233651. . google scholar
  • Camilla, M., Serlenga, L., & Shin, Y. (2013). Globalisation and technological convergence in the EU. J Prod Anal 40, 15-29. DOI 10.1007/s11123-012-0308-9. google scholar
  • Castellanos-Sosa, F. (2020). Labor Productivity Convergence in Mexico, . International Journal of Political Economy, 49 (3), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2020.1824733. google scholar
  • Cavenaile, L., & Dubois, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of incomeconvergence in the European Union. Applied Economics Letters, 18, 1705-1708. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2011.560104. google scholar
  • Caviggioli, F. (2016). Technology fusion: Identification and analysis of the drivers of technology convergence using patent data. Technovation 55-56, 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016lj.technovation.2016.04.003. google scholar
  • Co, C., & Wohar, M. (2004). Technological convergence among US regions and states. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 13(2), 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590410001628107. google scholar
  • Ferreiro, J., Garcia-Del-Valle, M., & Gomez, C. (2009). Is the composition of public expenditures converging in EMU countries? Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 31(3), 459-484. DOI 10.2753/PKE0160-3477310305. google scholar
  • Fischer, R., & Serra, S. (1996). Income Convergence within and between Countries. International Economic Review, 37(3), 531-551. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2527440. google scholar
  • FRED. (2023, 01 03). Economic Data. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/searchresults?st=factor+productivity adresinden alındı google scholar
  • ILO. (2023, 01 03). Statistics on Labour Productivity. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/ adresinden alındı google scholar
  • Jungmittag, A. (2005). Innovations, Technological Specialisation and Economic Convergence in the EU. S. Welfens, and A. Wziatek-Kubiak içinde, Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics The Economics of EU Eastern Enlargement (s. 171-199). Berlin: Springer . google scholar
  • Kathuria, V., & Oh, K. (2018). ICT access: Testing for convergence across countries. The Information Society 34(3), 166-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2018.1438549. . google scholar
  • Lall, S. (1992). Technological Capabilities and Industrialisation. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi. org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F. google scholar
  • Lall, S. (1998). Technological Capabilities in Emerging Asia,. Oxford Development Studies, 26(2), 213-243. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13600819808424154. google scholar
  • Leonida, L., Petraglia, C., & Murillo-Zamorano, L. (2004). Total factor productivity and the convergence hypothesis in the Italian regions. Applied Economics, 36(19), 2187-2193. DOI: 10.1080/0003684042000282506. google scholar
  • Lim, L., & McAleer, M. (2004). Convergence and catching up in ASEAN: a comparative analysis. Applied Economics, 36(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000174038. . google scholar
  • Makkonen, T. (2015). National innovation system capabilities among leader and follower countries: widening gaps or global convergence? Innovation and Development, 5(1), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/215793 0X.2014.992818. . google scholar
  • Narayan, S. (2007). Do health expenditures ‘catch-up’? Evidence from OECD countries. Health Econ. 16(10), 9931008. DOI: 10.1002/hec.1196. google scholar
  • Nghiem, S., & Connelly, L. (2017). Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in OECD countries. Health Economics Review 7(29), 2-11. DOI 10.1186/s13561-017-0164-. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951. . google scholar
  • Rey, S., & Montouri, B. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945. google scholar
  • Sedgley, N. (1998). Technology gaps, economic growth and convergence across US states, . Applied Economics Letters, 5(1), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/758540128. google scholar
  • Strazicich, M., & List, J. (2003). Are CO 2 Emission Levels Converging Among Industrial Countries? Environmental andResource Economics 24, 263-271. https://doi.Org/10.1023/A:1022910701857. google scholar
  • Taymaz, E. (2001). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Teknolojik Değişim ve Yenilik Süreçleri. Ankara: TÜBİTAK / TTGV / DİE. google scholar
  • Turganbayev, Y. (2017). Total factor productivity convergence across the Kazakh regions. Post-Communist Economies, 29(2), 182-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2016.1267975. google scholar
  • Ulucak, R. (2018). Çevre Kalitesi Açısından Yakınsama Hipotezine Yeni Bir Bakış: Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Kulüp Yakınsamaya Dayalı Ampirik Bir Analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 29-38. https:// doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552674. google scholar
  • Utku-İsmihan, F. (2019). Knowledge, technological convergence and economic growth: a dynamic panel data analysis of Middle East and North Africa and Latin America. Quality & Quantity 53, 713-733. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11135-018-0785-7. google scholar
  • Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • WIPO. (2023, 01 13). WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/index.htm?tab=patent adresinden alındı google scholar
  • World Bank. (2022, 12 08). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/ knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups adresinden alındı google scholar
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm RESEARCH ARTICLE
Yazarlar

Mustafa Zuhal 0000-0002-4645-4628

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Zuhal, M. (2023). Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 10(2), 567-586. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520
AMA Zuhal M. Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. JEPR. Ağustos 2023;10(2):567-586. doi:10.26650/JEPR1260520
Chicago Zuhal, Mustafa. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri Ile Bir İnceleme”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 10, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 567-86. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520.
EndNote Zuhal M (01 Ağustos 2023) Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 10 2 567–586.
IEEE M. Zuhal, “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme”, JEPR, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 567–586, 2023, doi: 10.26650/JEPR1260520.
ISNAD Zuhal, Mustafa. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri Ile Bir İnceleme”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 10/2 (Ağustos 2023), 567-586. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520.
JAMA Zuhal M. Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. JEPR. 2023;10:567–586.
MLA Zuhal, Mustafa. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri Ile Bir İnceleme”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, c. 10, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 567-86, doi:10.26650/JEPR1260520.
Vancouver Zuhal M. Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. JEPR. 2023;10(2):567-86.
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