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Year 2013, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 19 - 44, 06.08.2013

Abstract

This study aims to search, in the transformation of the economics’essence, the phenomenon of the orientation towards formalism in the context of the inadequacy of positive economics in front of current problems. Economics, which set out the mission of understanding the reality, today aims to construct it. In this context, Foucault’s and Agamben’s ideas on dispositif and economics as a dispositif will be illuminating. While Foucault problematizes the economic analysis and the transformation of the homo economicus from a typology portraying the subject to a dispositif subjectifying the individual; Agamben asserted that oikonomia was always in the scope of power relations. If we accept economics as a dispositif, the claim that economics is a universal truth which is valid through time and space will be shaken, and will be related to the government of time and space.

References

  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio. (2009). Açıklık: İnsan ve Hayvan, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio. (2011). The Kingdom and The Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government (Homo Sacer II, 2), Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio. (2012). Dispozitif Nedir?, Monokl Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • AĞAOĞULLARI, Mehmet A.; KÖKER, Levent. (2001). İmparatorluktan Tanrı Devletine, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • ALADA, Dinç A. (2012). İktisadın Kayıp Felsefesi: Arayışlar, Denemeler, Bağlam Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ALESSANDRINI, Anthony C. (2009). “The Humanism Effect: Fanon, Foucault and Ethics Without Subjects”, Foucault Studies, no. 7, 64-80.
  • ALI, Zulfiqar. (2011). “Implications of the Foucauldian Decentralization of Economics”, The Journal of Philosophical Economics, vol. V, no. 1, 1481
  • AMARIGLIO, Jack L. (1988). “The Body, Economic Discourse and Power: An Economist’s Introduction to Foucault”, History of Political Economy, vol. 20, no. 4, 583-613.
  • AQUINAS, Thomas. (2010). “Hükümdarların Yönetimine Dair”, Batı’ya Yön Veren Metinler, I: Kökler/Orta Çağlar (∞ - 1350) içinde, ed. Alev Alatlı, İlke Eğitim ve Sağlık Vakfı, İstanbul, 255-259.
  • AUGUSTIN, Aurelius. (2010). “Tanrı’nın Şehri”, Batı’ya Yön Veren Metinler, I: Kökler/Orta Çağlar (∞-1350) içinde, ed. Alev Alatlı, İlke Eğitim ve Sağlık Vakfı, İstanbul, 187-200.
  • BARKER, Ernest. (1952). The Politics of Aristotle, Oxford University Press, London.
  • BAŞTÜRK, Efe. (2012). “Michel Foucault’da Liberalizm Eleştirisi: İktidar, Yönetimsellik ve Güvenlik”, FLSF Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 14, 65-78.
  • BEHRENT, Michael C. (2009). “Liberalism Without Humanism: Michel Foucault and the Free-Market Creed, 1976-1979”, Modern Intellectual History, vol. 6, no. 3, 539-568.
  • BIEBRICHER, Thomas. (2011). “The Biopolitics of Ordoliberalism”, Foucault Studies, no. 12, 171-191.
  • BOURDIEU, Pierre. (2005). The Social Structures of the Economy, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • BUSSOLINI, Jeffrey. (2009). “Giorgio Agamben’s Interpretation of Key Concepts from the Work of Michel Foucault: Biopolitique, Dispositif, Oikonomia”, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 08, San Fransisco.
  • BUSSOLINI, Jeffrey. (2010a). “What is a Dispositif?”, Foucault Studies, no. 10, 85BUSSOLINI, Jeffrey. (2010b). “Critical Encounter Between Giorgio Agamben and Michel Foucault: Review of Recent Works of Agamben: Il Regno e la Gloria: per una genealogia teologico dell’economia e del governo, Il Sacramento del linguaggio: Archeologia del giuramento, and Signatura rerum: Sul metodo”, Foucault Studies, no. 10, 108-143.
  • CHRULEW, Matthew. (2012). “Animals in Biopolitical Theory: Between Agamben and Negri”, New Formations, no. 76, 53-67.
  • COTOI, Calin. (2011). “Neoliberalism: A Foucauldian Perspective”, International Review of Social Research, vol. 1, no. 2, 109-124.
  • DEAN, Mitchell. (2012). “Governmentality Meets Theology: The King Reigns, but He Does Not Govern”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 29, no. 3, 145-158. DELEUZE, Gilles. (1992). “What is a Dispositif?”, Michel Foucault, Philosopher: Essays Translated from the French and German içinde, ed. Timothy J. Armstrong, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, 159-168.
  • DILTS, Andrew. (2011). “From ‘Entrepreneur of the Self’ to ‘Care of the Self’: Neo-liberal Governmentality and Foucault’s Ethics”, Foucault Studies, no. 12, 130-146.
  • DONZELOT, Jacques. (2008). “Michel Foucault and Liberal Intelligence”, Economy and Society, vol. 37, no. 1, 115-134.
  • FEUERBACH, Ludwig. (1989). The Essence of Christianity, Prometheus Books, Amherst.
  • FLEW, Terry. (2012). “Michel Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics and Contemporary Neo-liberalism Debates”, Thesis Eleven, vol. 108, no. 1, 44
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (1992). Hapishanenin Doğuşu, İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2001). Kelimeler ve Şeyler: İnsan Bilimlerinin Bir Arkeolojisi, 2. baskı, İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78, Palgrave, New York.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-79, Palgrave, New York.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2011a). Entelektüelin Siyasi İşlevi: Seçme Yazılar 1, 3. baskı, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2011b). Özne ve İktidar: Seçme Yazılar 2, 3. baskı, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • FROST, Tom. (2010). “Agamben’s Sovereign Legalization of Foucault”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, 545-577.
  • FUGGLE, Sophie. (2009). “Excavating Government: Giorgio Agamben’s Archaelogical Dig”, Foucault Studies, no. 7, 81-98.
  • GENEL, Katia. (2006). “The Question of Biopower: Foucault and Agamben”, Rethinking Marxism, vol. 18, no. 1, 43-62.
  • GOLDSCHMIDT, Nils; RAUCHENSCHWANDTNER, Hermann. (2007). The Philosophy of Social Market Economy: Michel Foucault's Analysis of Ordoliberalism, Freiburg Discussion Papers on Constitutional Economics, 07/4, Freiburg.
  • GUALA, Francesco. (2006). “Critical Notice: Naissance de la Biopolitique: Cours au Collège de France 1978-1979, Michel Foucault”, Economics and Philosophy, no. 22, 429-439.
  • HAMANN, Trent H. (2009). “Neoliberalism, Governmentality and Ethics”, Foucault Studies, no. 6, 37-59.
  • JESSOP, Bob. (2010). “Constituting Another Foucault Effect: Foucault on States and Statecraft”, Governmentality: Current Issues and Future Challenges içinde, ed. Ulrich Bröckling, Susanne Krasmann, Thomas Lemke, Routledge, New York, 56-73.
  • KAYA, Alp Y. (2011). “Michel Foucault’nun Ekonomik Düşünce Tarihi: Liberal ve Neoliberal Yönetim Rasyonalitelerinde Ekonomi Politik”, İktisatta Yeni Yaklaşımlar içinde, ed. E. Eren, M. Sarfati, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 197-2
  • KESKİN, Ferda. (2011). “Özne ve İktidar”, M. Foucault, Özne ve İktidar: Seçme Yazılar 2 içinde, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul, 11-24.
  • KIERSEY, Nicholas J. (2009). “Neoliberal Political Economy and the Subjectivity of Crisis: Why Governmentality is Not Hollow”, Global Society, vol. 23, no. 4, 363-386.
  • KIERSEY, Nicholas J. (2011). “Everyday Neoliberalism and the Subjectivity of Crisis: Post-Political Control in an Era of Financial Turmoil”, Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies, no. 4, 23- 44.
  • LAZZARATO, Maurizio. (2009). “Neoliberalism in Action: Inequality, Insecurity and the Reconstitution of the Social”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 109-133.
  • LEGG, Stephen. (2011). “Assemblage/apparatus: Using Deleuze and Foucault”, Area, vol. 43, no. 2, 128-133.
  • LEMKE, Thomas. (2000). “Foucault, Governmentality and Critique”, paper presented at the Rethinking Marxism Conference, University of Amherst, September 21-24, Amherst.
  • LEMKE, Thomas. (2001). “The Birth of Bio-politics: Michel Foucault’s Lecture at the Collège de France on Neo-liberal Governmentality”, Economy and Society, vol. 30. no. 2, 190-207.
  • MARX, Karl. (2011). 1844 El Yazmaları, Ekonomi Politik ve Felsefe, 2. Baskı, Sol Yayınları, Ankara.
  • McNAY, Lois. (2009). “Self as Enterprise: Dilemmas of Control and Resistence in Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 55-77.
  • PROTEVI, John. (2010). “What Does Foucault Think is New About NeoLiberalism?”, The Warwick Journal of Philosophy, vol. 21, 1-20.
  • READ, Jason. (2009). “A Genealogy of Homo-Economicus: Neoliberalism and the Production of Subjectivity”, Foucault Studies, no. 6, 25-36.
  • SCHINKEL, Willem. (2010). “From Zoepolitics to Biopolitics: Citizenship and the Construction of Society”, European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 13, no. 2, 155-172.
  • SCHUMPETER, Joseph A. (1955). History of Economic Analysis, Oxford University Press, London.
  • STEINER, Philippe. (2008). “Foucault, Weber and the History of the Economic Subject”, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, vol. 15, no. 3, 503-527.
  • TELLMANN, Ute. (2009). “Foucault and the Invisible Economy”, Foucault Studies, no. 6, 5-24.
  • TERRANOVA, Tiziana. (2009). “Another Life: The Nature of Political Economy in Foucault’s Genealogy of Biopolitics”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 234-262.
  • TRIBE, Keith. (2009). “The Political Economy of Modernity: Foucault’s Collège de France Lectures of 1978 and 1979”, Economy and Society, vol. 38, no. 4, 679-698.
  • VENN, Couze. (2009). “Neoliberal Political Economy, Biopolitics and Colonialism: A Transcolonial Genealogy of Inequality”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 206-233.
  • WEBER, Max. (1999). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu, 2. Baskı, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • WEIDNER, Jason R. (2009). “Governmentality, Capitalism and Subjectity”, Global Society, vol. 23, no. 4, 387-411.

Foucault ve Agamben’de Dispozitif Kavramı ve İktisat

Year 2013, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 19 - 44, 06.08.2013

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, pozitif iktisadın güncel sorunlar karşısında yetersiz kalması ve bu bağlamda formalizme yönelişi olgusunu iktisadın özüne ilişkin değişimde aramak amaçlanmaktadır. Gerçekliği anlama misyonu ile yola çıkmış olan iktisat, günümüzde gerçekliği kurgulamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Foucault ve Agamben’in kullandıkları dispozitif kavramı ve iktisadın bir dispozitif olmasına dair fikirleri aydınlatıcı olacaktır. Foucault iktisadi analizin ve homo economicus’un özneyi tasvir eden bir tipolojiden, bireyi özneleştiren bir dispozitife dönüşümünü sorunsallaştırmakta; Agamben ise dispozitif kavramının soykütüksel analizini yaparken, oikonomia’nın iktidar ilişkilerinin kapsamında değerlendirilebileceğini irdelemektedir. İktisadın bir dispozitif olarak kabul edilmesi halinde, tüm zaman ve mekanlarda geçerli evrensel bir gerçeklik olduğu iddiası sarsılacak, zamanın ve mekanın yönetimiyle ilgili olduğu ortaya çıkacaktır.

References

  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio. (2009). Açıklık: İnsan ve Hayvan, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio. (2011). The Kingdom and The Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government (Homo Sacer II, 2), Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  • AGAMBEN, Giorgio. (2012). Dispozitif Nedir?, Monokl Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • AĞAOĞULLARI, Mehmet A.; KÖKER, Levent. (2001). İmparatorluktan Tanrı Devletine, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • ALADA, Dinç A. (2012). İktisadın Kayıp Felsefesi: Arayışlar, Denemeler, Bağlam Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ALESSANDRINI, Anthony C. (2009). “The Humanism Effect: Fanon, Foucault and Ethics Without Subjects”, Foucault Studies, no. 7, 64-80.
  • ALI, Zulfiqar. (2011). “Implications of the Foucauldian Decentralization of Economics”, The Journal of Philosophical Economics, vol. V, no. 1, 1481
  • AMARIGLIO, Jack L. (1988). “The Body, Economic Discourse and Power: An Economist’s Introduction to Foucault”, History of Political Economy, vol. 20, no. 4, 583-613.
  • AQUINAS, Thomas. (2010). “Hükümdarların Yönetimine Dair”, Batı’ya Yön Veren Metinler, I: Kökler/Orta Çağlar (∞ - 1350) içinde, ed. Alev Alatlı, İlke Eğitim ve Sağlık Vakfı, İstanbul, 255-259.
  • AUGUSTIN, Aurelius. (2010). “Tanrı’nın Şehri”, Batı’ya Yön Veren Metinler, I: Kökler/Orta Çağlar (∞-1350) içinde, ed. Alev Alatlı, İlke Eğitim ve Sağlık Vakfı, İstanbul, 187-200.
  • BARKER, Ernest. (1952). The Politics of Aristotle, Oxford University Press, London.
  • BAŞTÜRK, Efe. (2012). “Michel Foucault’da Liberalizm Eleştirisi: İktidar, Yönetimsellik ve Güvenlik”, FLSF Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 14, 65-78.
  • BEHRENT, Michael C. (2009). “Liberalism Without Humanism: Michel Foucault and the Free-Market Creed, 1976-1979”, Modern Intellectual History, vol. 6, no. 3, 539-568.
  • BIEBRICHER, Thomas. (2011). “The Biopolitics of Ordoliberalism”, Foucault Studies, no. 12, 171-191.
  • BOURDIEU, Pierre. (2005). The Social Structures of the Economy, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • BUSSOLINI, Jeffrey. (2009). “Giorgio Agamben’s Interpretation of Key Concepts from the Work of Michel Foucault: Biopolitique, Dispositif, Oikonomia”, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 08, San Fransisco.
  • BUSSOLINI, Jeffrey. (2010a). “What is a Dispositif?”, Foucault Studies, no. 10, 85BUSSOLINI, Jeffrey. (2010b). “Critical Encounter Between Giorgio Agamben and Michel Foucault: Review of Recent Works of Agamben: Il Regno e la Gloria: per una genealogia teologico dell’economia e del governo, Il Sacramento del linguaggio: Archeologia del giuramento, and Signatura rerum: Sul metodo”, Foucault Studies, no. 10, 108-143.
  • CHRULEW, Matthew. (2012). “Animals in Biopolitical Theory: Between Agamben and Negri”, New Formations, no. 76, 53-67.
  • COTOI, Calin. (2011). “Neoliberalism: A Foucauldian Perspective”, International Review of Social Research, vol. 1, no. 2, 109-124.
  • DEAN, Mitchell. (2012). “Governmentality Meets Theology: The King Reigns, but He Does Not Govern”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 29, no. 3, 145-158. DELEUZE, Gilles. (1992). “What is a Dispositif?”, Michel Foucault, Philosopher: Essays Translated from the French and German içinde, ed. Timothy J. Armstrong, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, 159-168.
  • DILTS, Andrew. (2011). “From ‘Entrepreneur of the Self’ to ‘Care of the Self’: Neo-liberal Governmentality and Foucault’s Ethics”, Foucault Studies, no. 12, 130-146.
  • DONZELOT, Jacques. (2008). “Michel Foucault and Liberal Intelligence”, Economy and Society, vol. 37, no. 1, 115-134.
  • FEUERBACH, Ludwig. (1989). The Essence of Christianity, Prometheus Books, Amherst.
  • FLEW, Terry. (2012). “Michel Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics and Contemporary Neo-liberalism Debates”, Thesis Eleven, vol. 108, no. 1, 44
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (1992). Hapishanenin Doğuşu, İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2001). Kelimeler ve Şeyler: İnsan Bilimlerinin Bir Arkeolojisi, 2. baskı, İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78, Palgrave, New York.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-79, Palgrave, New York.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2011a). Entelektüelin Siyasi İşlevi: Seçme Yazılar 1, 3. baskı, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • FOUCAULT, Michel. (2011b). Özne ve İktidar: Seçme Yazılar 2, 3. baskı, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • FROST, Tom. (2010). “Agamben’s Sovereign Legalization of Foucault”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, 545-577.
  • FUGGLE, Sophie. (2009). “Excavating Government: Giorgio Agamben’s Archaelogical Dig”, Foucault Studies, no. 7, 81-98.
  • GENEL, Katia. (2006). “The Question of Biopower: Foucault and Agamben”, Rethinking Marxism, vol. 18, no. 1, 43-62.
  • GOLDSCHMIDT, Nils; RAUCHENSCHWANDTNER, Hermann. (2007). The Philosophy of Social Market Economy: Michel Foucault's Analysis of Ordoliberalism, Freiburg Discussion Papers on Constitutional Economics, 07/4, Freiburg.
  • GUALA, Francesco. (2006). “Critical Notice: Naissance de la Biopolitique: Cours au Collège de France 1978-1979, Michel Foucault”, Economics and Philosophy, no. 22, 429-439.
  • HAMANN, Trent H. (2009). “Neoliberalism, Governmentality and Ethics”, Foucault Studies, no. 6, 37-59.
  • JESSOP, Bob. (2010). “Constituting Another Foucault Effect: Foucault on States and Statecraft”, Governmentality: Current Issues and Future Challenges içinde, ed. Ulrich Bröckling, Susanne Krasmann, Thomas Lemke, Routledge, New York, 56-73.
  • KAYA, Alp Y. (2011). “Michel Foucault’nun Ekonomik Düşünce Tarihi: Liberal ve Neoliberal Yönetim Rasyonalitelerinde Ekonomi Politik”, İktisatta Yeni Yaklaşımlar içinde, ed. E. Eren, M. Sarfati, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 197-2
  • KESKİN, Ferda. (2011). “Özne ve İktidar”, M. Foucault, Özne ve İktidar: Seçme Yazılar 2 içinde, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul, 11-24.
  • KIERSEY, Nicholas J. (2009). “Neoliberal Political Economy and the Subjectivity of Crisis: Why Governmentality is Not Hollow”, Global Society, vol. 23, no. 4, 363-386.
  • KIERSEY, Nicholas J. (2011). “Everyday Neoliberalism and the Subjectivity of Crisis: Post-Political Control in an Era of Financial Turmoil”, Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies, no. 4, 23- 44.
  • LAZZARATO, Maurizio. (2009). “Neoliberalism in Action: Inequality, Insecurity and the Reconstitution of the Social”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 109-133.
  • LEGG, Stephen. (2011). “Assemblage/apparatus: Using Deleuze and Foucault”, Area, vol. 43, no. 2, 128-133.
  • LEMKE, Thomas. (2000). “Foucault, Governmentality and Critique”, paper presented at the Rethinking Marxism Conference, University of Amherst, September 21-24, Amherst.
  • LEMKE, Thomas. (2001). “The Birth of Bio-politics: Michel Foucault’s Lecture at the Collège de France on Neo-liberal Governmentality”, Economy and Society, vol. 30. no. 2, 190-207.
  • MARX, Karl. (2011). 1844 El Yazmaları, Ekonomi Politik ve Felsefe, 2. Baskı, Sol Yayınları, Ankara.
  • McNAY, Lois. (2009). “Self as Enterprise: Dilemmas of Control and Resistence in Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 55-77.
  • PROTEVI, John. (2010). “What Does Foucault Think is New About NeoLiberalism?”, The Warwick Journal of Philosophy, vol. 21, 1-20.
  • READ, Jason. (2009). “A Genealogy of Homo-Economicus: Neoliberalism and the Production of Subjectivity”, Foucault Studies, no. 6, 25-36.
  • SCHINKEL, Willem. (2010). “From Zoepolitics to Biopolitics: Citizenship and the Construction of Society”, European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 13, no. 2, 155-172.
  • SCHUMPETER, Joseph A. (1955). History of Economic Analysis, Oxford University Press, London.
  • STEINER, Philippe. (2008). “Foucault, Weber and the History of the Economic Subject”, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, vol. 15, no. 3, 503-527.
  • TELLMANN, Ute. (2009). “Foucault and the Invisible Economy”, Foucault Studies, no. 6, 5-24.
  • TERRANOVA, Tiziana. (2009). “Another Life: The Nature of Political Economy in Foucault’s Genealogy of Biopolitics”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 234-262.
  • TRIBE, Keith. (2009). “The Political Economy of Modernity: Foucault’s Collège de France Lectures of 1978 and 1979”, Economy and Society, vol. 38, no. 4, 679-698.
  • VENN, Couze. (2009). “Neoliberal Political Economy, Biopolitics and Colonialism: A Transcolonial Genealogy of Inequality”, Theory Culture & Society, vol. 26, no. 6, 206-233.
  • WEBER, Max. (1999). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu, 2. Baskı, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • WEIDNER, Jason R. (2009). “Governmentality, Capitalism and Subjectity”, Global Society, vol. 23, no. 4, 387-411.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ertuğrul Kızılkaya

Publication Date August 6, 2013
Submission Date August 6, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kızılkaya, E. (2013). Foucault ve Agamben’de Dispozitif Kavramı ve İktisat. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 19-44.

Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).