Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi ve Göç Etme Niyeti Üzerine Hanehalkı Düzeyinde Bir Araştırma: Afganistan Örneği
Abstract
Bu çalışma, göçün tarihinden günümüze kadar devam eden bir süreç olduğu ve uluslararası göstergelerin kadınların güçlendirilmesi veya güçlendirilmesi konusunda oldukça kötü bir tablo gösterdiği Afganistan örneğinde, hanehalklarının göç niyetleri ve kadınların güçlendirilmesi gibi iki önemli kaygı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu ülkedeki kadınların büyük bir hassaslık arz ettiği ve güçlendirilmeleri gerektiği açıktır. Ancak, güçlenmelerinin hane halkının göç etme niyetiyle ilişkili olup olmadığı o kadar açık değildir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, Afgan toplumunun farklı kesimlerinde hassas bir grup olarak kadınların güçlendirilmesinin hanelerin göç etme niyetini nasıl ve ne şekilde etkilediğini sorgulamaktadır. Bulgular, Women_leader, Women_support, Women_job ve Girls_edu olan kadın güçlendirme ölçütlerinin ayrı ayrı var olduklarında, hanehalklarının göç niyetlerini önemli ölçüde etkilemediğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu ölçütlerin etkileşime girmelerine izin verildiğinde göç niyetlerini önemli ölçüde etkilediği görülmektedir. Yukarıda belirtilen dört ölçütün sunduğu siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik yönden kadının güçlendirilmesinin olası nüfus hareketlerini açıklamak açısından önemli olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, göç niyetlerini açıklamak için önemli bölgesel farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu bulguların göç politikaları konusunda politika yapıcılar için faydalı olması beklenmektedir.
Keywords
Kadınların Güçlenmesi Göç Niyeti Afganistan Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Hanehalkı Düzeyinde Veriler
References
- Beath, A., Christia, F., & Enikolopov, R. (2012). Empowering women: evidence from a field experiment in Afghanistan. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6269.
- Castles, S. M. ve Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler çağı: Modern dünyada uluslararası göç hareketleri (Çev: B. U. Bal ve İ. Akbulut), (1.Baskı). İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Dadras, O. (2022). Development of a Survey-based Women Empowerment Index for Afghanistan (SWEIA): An Explanatory Analyses of the Afghanistan Demographic Health Survey 2015.
- Doss, C. R., Meinzen-Dick, R., Pereira, A., & Pradhan, R. (2022). Women’s empowerment, extended families and male migration in Nepal: Insights from mixed methods analysis. Journal of Rural Studies, 90, 13–25.
- Hassanzadeh, M. (2018). Women empowerment: A study of media and its role in empowerment of Afghan’s women. Indian J Sci Technol, 11(23), 1–8.
- Hussain, F., & Amin, S. N. (2018). ‘I don’t care about their reactions’: agency and ICTs in women’s empowerment in Afghanistan. Gender & Development, 26(2), 249–265.
- İçduygu, A., & Karadağ, S. (2018). Afghan migration through Turkey to Europe: seeking refuge, forming diaspora, and becoming citizens. Turkish Studies, 19(3), 482–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1454317
- Jazayery, L. (2002). The Migration–Development Nexus: Afghanistan Case Study. International Migration, 40(5), 231–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00218
- Kalfa Topateş, A. , Topateş, H. & Kıdak, E. (2022). Güçlendirme ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri İkileminde Kadın Girişimciliği . Çalışma ve Toplum , 2 (73) , 1043-1074 . DOI: 10.54752/ct.1061145
- Koser, K., & Martin, S. (2011). The migration-displacement nexus and security in Afghanistan. The Migration-Displacement Nexus: Patterns, Processes, and Policies, 32, 131–144.
- Kumari, K., Singh, K. M., & Ahmad, N. (2022). Impact of migration on women empowerment: a situational analysis of North-Bihar. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(1), 101–105.
- Kuschminder, K. (2018). Afghan Refugee Journeys: Onwards Migration Decision-Making in Greece and Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 566–587. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex043
- Loutfi, Martha Fetherolf. Women, Gender and Work : What Is Equality and How Do We Get There? / Edited by Martha Fetherolf Loutfi. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2001. Print.
- Monsutti, A. (2008). Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdn007
- Moravej, M. (2022). Higher Education, Gender, and Empowerment in Afghanistan: A Nation in Conflict. Lehigh University.
- Rostami Povey, E. (2003). Women in Afghanistan: Passive victims of the borga or active social participants? Development in Practice, 13(2–3), 266–277.
- Shahrani, M. N. (2018). Modern Afghanistan: The impact of 40 years of war. Indiana University Press.
- Singh, K. M., Singh, R., & Kumar, A. (2013). Male worker migration and women empowerment: The case of Bihar, India. India (August 30, 2013).
- Ullah, A. A. K. M. (2017). Male migration and ‘left–behind’women: Bane or boon? Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 8(1), 59–73.
- UN. (2022). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf
- UNHCR, IMPACT (2021). Afghanistan: Evaluation of Community-Based Protection and Solutions Programme in Priority Areas of Return and Re-integration in Afghanistan, Household Survey - December 2021. Accessed from: https://microdata.unhcr.org
- UN WOMEN. (2021). Gender alert I: Women’s rights in Afghanistan: Where are we now? https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Gender-alert-Womens-rights-in-Afghanistan-en.pdf
- Van Houte, M., Siegel, M., & Davids, T. (2015). Return to Afghanistan: Migration as Reinforcement of Socio-Economic Stratification. Population, Space and Place, 21(8), 692–703. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1876
- Wickramasekara, P., & Baruah, N. (2013). Labour migration for decent work in Afghanistan: Issues and challenges. Available at SSRN 2359158.
- Wilcox, C. S., Grutzmacher, S., Ramsing, R., Rockler, A., Balch, C., Safi, M., & Hanson, J. (2015). From the field: Empowering women to improve family food security in Afghanistan. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S1742170514000209
A Household-Level Investigation of Women Empowerment and Migration Intention: The Case of Afghanistan
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between two important concerns, which are migration intentions of households and women empowerment in the case of Afghanistan where migration is a process that continues from its history to the present, and international indicators shows a quite bad picture on women empowerment or gender equality. It is obvious that women in this country presents a great vulnerability and they need to be empowered. However, it is not that obvious whether their empowerment is associated with migration intention of households. Therefore, this paper questions how and in which way the empowerment of women as a vulnerable group within different segments of Afghan society influence migration intention of households. Findings show that women empowerment measures, that are Women_leader, Women_support, Women_job, and Girls_edu, do not significantly influence migration intentions of households when they exist separately. However, it significantly influence migration intentions when they are allowed to interact together. It might be said that empowerment of women from political, social, and economic aspects that are presented by four of abovementioned measures is important to explain potential movements of population. Besides, there is significant regional differences to explain migration intentions. These findings are expected to be useful for policy makers on migration policies.
References
- Beath, A., Christia, F., & Enikolopov, R. (2012). Empowering women: evidence from a field experiment in Afghanistan. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6269.
- Castles, S. M. ve Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler çağı: Modern dünyada uluslararası göç hareketleri (Çev: B. U. Bal ve İ. Akbulut), (1.Baskı). İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Dadras, O. (2022). Development of a Survey-based Women Empowerment Index for Afghanistan (SWEIA): An Explanatory Analyses of the Afghanistan Demographic Health Survey 2015.
- Doss, C. R., Meinzen-Dick, R., Pereira, A., & Pradhan, R. (2022). Women’s empowerment, extended families and male migration in Nepal: Insights from mixed methods analysis. Journal of Rural Studies, 90, 13–25.
- Hassanzadeh, M. (2018). Women empowerment: A study of media and its role in empowerment of Afghan’s women. Indian J Sci Technol, 11(23), 1–8.
- Hussain, F., & Amin, S. N. (2018). ‘I don’t care about their reactions’: agency and ICTs in women’s empowerment in Afghanistan. Gender & Development, 26(2), 249–265.
- İçduygu, A., & Karadağ, S. (2018). Afghan migration through Turkey to Europe: seeking refuge, forming diaspora, and becoming citizens. Turkish Studies, 19(3), 482–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1454317
- Jazayery, L. (2002). The Migration–Development Nexus: Afghanistan Case Study. International Migration, 40(5), 231–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00218
- Kalfa Topateş, A. , Topateş, H. & Kıdak, E. (2022). Güçlendirme ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri İkileminde Kadın Girişimciliği . Çalışma ve Toplum , 2 (73) , 1043-1074 . DOI: 10.54752/ct.1061145
- Koser, K., & Martin, S. (2011). The migration-displacement nexus and security in Afghanistan. The Migration-Displacement Nexus: Patterns, Processes, and Policies, 32, 131–144.
- Kumari, K., Singh, K. M., & Ahmad, N. (2022). Impact of migration on women empowerment: a situational analysis of North-Bihar. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(1), 101–105.
- Kuschminder, K. (2018). Afghan Refugee Journeys: Onwards Migration Decision-Making in Greece and Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 566–587. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex043
- Loutfi, Martha Fetherolf. Women, Gender and Work : What Is Equality and How Do We Get There? / Edited by Martha Fetherolf Loutfi. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2001. Print.
- Monsutti, A. (2008). Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdn007
- Moravej, M. (2022). Higher Education, Gender, and Empowerment in Afghanistan: A Nation in Conflict. Lehigh University.
- Rostami Povey, E. (2003). Women in Afghanistan: Passive victims of the borga or active social participants? Development in Practice, 13(2–3), 266–277.
- Shahrani, M. N. (2018). Modern Afghanistan: The impact of 40 years of war. Indiana University Press.
- Singh, K. M., Singh, R., & Kumar, A. (2013). Male worker migration and women empowerment: The case of Bihar, India. India (August 30, 2013).
- Ullah, A. A. K. M. (2017). Male migration and ‘left–behind’women: Bane or boon? Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 8(1), 59–73.
- UN. (2022). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf
- UNHCR, IMPACT (2021). Afghanistan: Evaluation of Community-Based Protection and Solutions Programme in Priority Areas of Return and Re-integration in Afghanistan, Household Survey - December 2021. Accessed from: https://microdata.unhcr.org
- UN WOMEN. (2021). Gender alert I: Women’s rights in Afghanistan: Where are we now? https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Gender-alert-Womens-rights-in-Afghanistan-en.pdf
- Van Houte, M., Siegel, M., & Davids, T. (2015). Return to Afghanistan: Migration as Reinforcement of Socio-Economic Stratification. Population, Space and Place, 21(8), 692–703. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1876
- Wickramasekara, P., & Baruah, N. (2013). Labour migration for decent work in Afghanistan: Issues and challenges. Available at SSRN 2359158.
- Wilcox, C. S., Grutzmacher, S., Ramsing, R., Rockler, A., Balch, C., Safi, M., & Hanson, J. (2015). From the field: Empowering women to improve family food security in Afghanistan. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S1742170514000209
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Policy and Administration (Other) |
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | January 26, 2024 |
| Publication Date | January 31, 2024 |
| Submission Date | July 24, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024Volume: 25 Issue: 1 |
Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).