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Dış Politikada Belirsizlik ve Stratejik Kumar: İran'ın 7 Ekim 2023 Sonrası Dış Politika Stratejisi

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 4, 808 - 820

Bilgehan Alagöz

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1673604

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Hamas’ın 7 Ekim 2023’te İsrail’e gerçekleştirdiği saldırıların ardından İran’ın benimsediği dış politika stratejisini eklenti (Prospect) Teorisi çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Makalede, İran’ın bu stratejik yaklaşımının, 2020 yılında suikastlar, değişen bölgesel ittifaklar ve jeopolitik gerilemelerle şekillenen “stratejik kısıtlılık” algısı temelinde oluştuğu savunulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, stratejik kısıtlama; dış baskılar, ittifak dengelerindeki değişim ve güvenlik açıkları nedeniyle İran’ın bölgesel nüfuzunu sürdürme kapasitesinin azaldığına dair hem maddi hem de psikolojik bir algıyı ifade etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel argümanı, İran’ın Hamas’ın El Aksa Tufanı Operasyonu’nu bir stratejik fırsat olarak değerlendirdiği ve bu değerlendirmesinin 7 Ekim sonrası eylemlerine yansıdığıdır. İran, bu süreçte Filistin meselesini İsrail’e baskı aracı olarak kullanmış; Gerçek Vaat Operasyonları I ve II gibi doğrudan saldırılarla direniş ekseninin operasyonel alanını genişletmeyi hedeflemiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Beklenti Teorisi’nin referans bağımlılığı, kayıptan kaçınma, çerçeveleme etkisi ve risk tutumundaki değişkenlik gibi temel kavramları analitik çerçeve olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, İran’ın stratejik kayıp algısıyla ortaya koyduğu psikolojik tepkiler ve artan risk alma davranışı arasındaki ilişki analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, İran her ne kadar direniş eksenini yeniden canlandırma çabası içinde olsa da Suriye’deki etkisinin azalması ve vekil güçlerinin zayıflaması gibi gelişmeler, daha geniş hedeflerine ulaşmasını kısıtlamış ve stratejik anlamda sınırlı bir başarı elde etmesine neden olmuştur.

Keywords

İran dış politikası stratejik kısıtlılık direniş ekseni beklenti teorisi 7 Ekim 2023.

References

  • Alagöz, B., & Toprak, E. G. (2022). Iran: Being a nuclear threshold state within a national resistance context. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 529–548. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1184317
  • Al Jazeera. (2024a, April 1). Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus: Reports. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports
  • Al Jazeera. (2024b, April 14). Iran attacks Israel with over 300 drones, missiles: What you need to know. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/iran-attacks-israel-with-over-300-drones-missiles-what-you-need-to-know
  • Al Jazeera. (2024c, May 19). Iran’s President Raisi killed in helicopter crash, state media. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/19/irans-president-raisi-killed-in-helicopter-crash-state-media
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2023, October 7). 3 questions about Hamas's October 7 attacks. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/3-soruda-hamasin-7-ekim-saldirilari/3010445
  • Associated Press. (2024, September 22). Israel strikes Hezbollah targets in Lebanon as tensions rise. https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-hezbollah-news-09-22-2024-fb1aa8ae061885ba86855f7fe9ec5be7
  • BBC News. (2020, November 27). Iran's top nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh assassinated near Tehran. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55128970
  • BBC News. (2023, October 13). Hezbollah steps up attacks as Israel warns of escalation.
  • BBC News. (2024, July 6). Reformist Masoud Pezeshkian elected Iran's president. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx824yl3ln4o
  • CNN. (2024, October 26). What we know about Israel’s attack on Iran. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/26/middleeast/israel-strikes-iran-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html
  • Coulter, K. (2023). Iran's involvement in the Syrian civil war before and after JCPOA.
  • Ettinger, A. (2020). Principled realism and populist sovereignty in Trump’s foreign policy. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 33(3), 410-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1659229
  • Fars News Agency. (2024, April 1). Amirabdollahian: Israil bayad avagheb-e in jenayat ra bepazirad [Amirabdollahian: Israel must accept the consequences of this crime]. https://www.farsnews.ir/news/14030112000876/
  • Fearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist explanations for war. International organization, 49(3), 379-414.
  • Fearon, J. D. (1997). Signaling foreign policy interests: Tying hands versus sinking costs. Journal of conflict resolution, 41(1), 68-90.
  • Golmohammadi, V., & Azizi, H. (2022). The South Caucasus in the regionalism of Iran's foreign policy. Central Eurasia Studies, 15(1), 305-281.
  • Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z. A. (2020). The Abraham Accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 14(3), 379–389.
  • Hosseini, K. (2023, November 3). Hamas-Israel conflict: What we know so far. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c8v8pjz2v2no
  • Iran International. (2025, January 20). Iranian chief of staff discusses military ties in Pakistan visit. Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202501202399
  • IRNA. (2023, October 8). Raeisi: Tufan-e Al-Aqsa neshan dad ke rezhim-e Sahyonisti az hamishe zaiftar ast [Raeisi: Al-Aqsa Storm showed that the Zionist regime is weaker than ever]. https://www.irna.ir/news/85251373/
  • IRNA. (2024, April 2). Rahbar-e Enqelab: Rezhim-e Sahyonisti be mojazat-e eghdam-e jenayatkarane-ye khod khahad resid [Leader of the Revolution: The Zionist regime will be punished for its criminal action]. https://www.irna.ir/news/85432394/
  • ISNA. (2023, October 7). Rahim Safavi az omuriat-e ghururafarin-e Tufan-e Al-Aqsa hemayat mi-konim [Rahim Safavi: We support the proud Al-Aqsa Storm operation]. https://www.isna.ir/news/1402071509541/رحیم-صفوی-از-عملیات-غرورآفرین-طوفان-الاقصی-حمایت-می-کنیم
  • ISNA. (2024, April 2). Raeisi: Jenayat-e rezhim-e Sahyonisti bi pasokh nakhahad mand [Raeisi: The crime of the Zionist regime will not go unanswered]. https://www.isna.ir/news/1403011305128/
  • Jervis, R. (1992). Political implications of loss aversion. Political psychology, 187-204.
  • Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–91.
  • Kayhan. (2024a). Hich niru-ye Sepah dar majera-ye pijerha shahid nashode ast [No IRGC force was martyred in the pager incident]. https://kayhan.ir/fa/news/295823/هیچ-نیرویی-سپاه-در-ماجرای-پیجرها-شهید-نشده-است
  • Kayhan. (2024b, October 27). Pasokh-e Iran be Israil qat’i ast [Iran’s response to Israel is certain]. https://kayhan.ir/fa/news/298573/پاسخ-ایران-به-اسرائیل-قطعی-است
  • Khabaronline. (2023). Payam-e mühim-e Sarlashkar Bagheri be moghāvazan-e Felestin ba’d az Tufan-e Al-Aqsa [Important message from Major General Bagheri to Palestinian fighters after the Al-Aqsa Storm]. https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1822371/پ
  • Levy, J. S. (1997). Prospect theory, rational choice, and international relations. International studies quarterly, 41(1), 87-112.
  • Maoz, Z. (1990). Paradoxes of war: On the art of national self-entrapment. Unwin Hyman Press.
  • Mashregh News. (2024a, July 31). Payam-e Rahbar-e Enqelab dar pey-e shahadat-e Ismail Haniye ta daqayeqi digar [Message of the Leader of the Revolution following the martyrdom of Ismail Haniye in a few minutes]. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1628677/پیام-رهبر-انقلاب-در-پی-شهادت-اسماعیل-هنیه-تا-دقایقی-دیگر
  • Mashregh News. (2024b, September 28). Rah va maktab-e Seyyed-e moghavemat edame khahad yaft / zarbatha-ye jebhe-ye moghavemat bar [The path and school of the Sayyed of Resistance will continue / Blows of the resistance front on]. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1646904/راه-و-مکتب-سید-مقاومت-ادامه-خواهد-یافت-ضربات-جبهه-ی-مقاومت-بر
  • Middle East Monitor. (2023, November 25). Yemeni armed forces claim responsibility for Israeli ‘Kalandra’ attack. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231125-yemeni-armed-forces-claim-responsibility-for-israeli-kalandra-attack/
  • Morrow, J. D. (1985). A continuous-outcome expected utility theory of war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29(3), 473-502.
  • McDermott, R. (2001). Risk-taking in international politics: Prospect theory in American foreign policy.
  • McDermott, R. (2004). Prospect theory in political science: Gains and losses from the first decade. Political Psychology, 25(2), 289-312.
  • Nash, J. F. (1950). The bargaining problem. Econometrica, 18(2), 155-162.
  • Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988). Status quo bias in decision making. Journal of risk and uncertainty, 1, 7-59.
  • Schelling, T. C. (1980). The Strategy of Conflict: with a new Preface by the Author. Harvard university press.
  • Shahrvand Newspaper. (2024, September 17) Hadese-ye gheyr-e ensani dar Lobnan maye-ye sharmsari-ye Amrika ast [Inhumane incident in Lebanon is a source of shame for America]. https://shahrvand-newspaper.ir/News:NoMobile/Main/252768/حادثه-غیرانسانی-در-لبنان-مایه-شرمساری-آمریکا-است
  • Sinkaya, B. (2022). İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde dış politika: Çelişkiler ve ikilemler. In O. Karaoğlu & N. Elhan (Eds.), İran: Bir ülkenin akademik anatomisi (pp. 389–407). [Nobel Yayınevi].
  • Soltaninejad, M. (2019). Coalition-building in Iran’s foreign policy: understanding the ‘axis of resistance’. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 21(6), 716-731.
  • Tasnim News Agency. (2024a, April 2). Sepah: Rezhim-e Sahyonisti hazine-ye sangini baraye in jenayat pardakht khahad kard [IRGC: The Zionist regime will pay a heavy price for this crime]. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1403/01/13/3060139/
  • Tasnim News Agency. (2024b, October 2). Iran’s Defense Ministry warns of harsher blows to Israel. https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2024/10/02/3170123/iran-s-defense-ministry-warns-of-harsher-blows-to-israel
  • The Jerusalem Post. (2024, April 1). Israeli strike on Iranian consulate: Latest developments. https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-794673
  • The Times of Israel. (2024, October 1). Israel warns of consequences after Iran launches 181 missiles in major attack. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-warns-of-consequences-after-iran-launches-181-missiles-in-major-attack/
  • The Wall Street Journal. (2025, April 5). Israel says documents found in Gaza show Hamas’s attack planning, Iran ties. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-documents-found-in-gaza-show-hamass-attack-planning-iran-ties-8de1f533
  • Time. (2022, September 23). The Iran protests over Mahsa Amini’s death, explained. https://time.com/6220853/iran-protests-mahsa-amini-what-to-know/
  • U.S. Department of State. (2020). Country reports on terrorism 2020: Iran. https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/iran/
  • Uzun, E. (2022). The Axis of Resistance. In Modern Iran Encyclopedia (pp. 221–226). İRAM Yayınları.
  • Vertzberger, Y. Y. (1995). Rethinking and reconceptualizing risk in foreign policy decision-making: A sociocognitive approach. Political Psychology, 347-380.

Uncertainty And Strategic Gamble in Foreign Policy: Iran's Foreign Policy Strategy After October 7, 2023

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 4, 808 - 820

Bilgehan Alagöz

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1673604

Abstract

This study examines Iran’s foreign policy strategy following the October 7, 2023, Hamas-led attack on Israel, through the lens of Prospect Theory. It argues that Iran's strategic approach has been shaped by a perception of strategic constraint that emerged in 2020. In this study, strategic constraint is defined as the perceived reduction in Iran’s ability to maintain and project regional influence due to external pressures, shifting alliances, and significant geopolitical setbacks. This perception includes not only material limitations but also Iran’s psychological assessment of its declining strategic leverage and the weakening of its regional deterrence posture. The main argument of this article is that Iran interpreted Hamas’ Operation Al-Aqsa Flood as a strategic opportunity, which is reflected in its actions following October 7. In this context, Iran has pursued a strategy that leverages the Palestinian issue to apply pressure on Israel—most notably through direct attacks such as Operation True Promise I and II—with the broader aim of expanding the operational scope of the axis of resistance. Using Prospect Theory as the analytical framework—particularly the concepts of reference dependence, loss aversion, framing effects, and varying risk attitudes—this study explores how Iran’s risk-taking behavior is rooted in psychological responses to perceived strategic losses. Ultimately, this case study argues that despite Iran’s efforts to revitalize the axis of resistance, its broader objectives have been constrained by the erosion of influence in Syria and the weakening of key proxy actors, resulting in limited strategic success.

Keywords

Iranian foreign policy strategic constraint axis of resistance prospect theory October 7 2023.

References

  • Alagöz, B., & Toprak, E. G. (2022). Iran: Being a nuclear threshold state within a national resistance context. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 529–548. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1184317
  • Al Jazeera. (2024a, April 1). Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus: Reports. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports
  • Al Jazeera. (2024b, April 14). Iran attacks Israel with over 300 drones, missiles: What you need to know. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/iran-attacks-israel-with-over-300-drones-missiles-what-you-need-to-know
  • Al Jazeera. (2024c, May 19). Iran’s President Raisi killed in helicopter crash, state media. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/19/irans-president-raisi-killed-in-helicopter-crash-state-media
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2023, October 7). 3 questions about Hamas's October 7 attacks. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/3-soruda-hamasin-7-ekim-saldirilari/3010445
  • Associated Press. (2024, September 22). Israel strikes Hezbollah targets in Lebanon as tensions rise. https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-hezbollah-news-09-22-2024-fb1aa8ae061885ba86855f7fe9ec5be7
  • BBC News. (2020, November 27). Iran's top nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh assassinated near Tehran. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55128970
  • BBC News. (2023, October 13). Hezbollah steps up attacks as Israel warns of escalation.
  • BBC News. (2024, July 6). Reformist Masoud Pezeshkian elected Iran's president. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx824yl3ln4o
  • CNN. (2024, October 26). What we know about Israel’s attack on Iran. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/26/middleeast/israel-strikes-iran-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html
  • Coulter, K. (2023). Iran's involvement in the Syrian civil war before and after JCPOA.
  • Ettinger, A. (2020). Principled realism and populist sovereignty in Trump’s foreign policy. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 33(3), 410-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1659229
  • Fars News Agency. (2024, April 1). Amirabdollahian: Israil bayad avagheb-e in jenayat ra bepazirad [Amirabdollahian: Israel must accept the consequences of this crime]. https://www.farsnews.ir/news/14030112000876/
  • Fearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist explanations for war. International organization, 49(3), 379-414.
  • Fearon, J. D. (1997). Signaling foreign policy interests: Tying hands versus sinking costs. Journal of conflict resolution, 41(1), 68-90.
  • Golmohammadi, V., & Azizi, H. (2022). The South Caucasus in the regionalism of Iran's foreign policy. Central Eurasia Studies, 15(1), 305-281.
  • Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z. A. (2020). The Abraham Accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 14(3), 379–389.
  • Hosseini, K. (2023, November 3). Hamas-Israel conflict: What we know so far. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c8v8pjz2v2no
  • Iran International. (2025, January 20). Iranian chief of staff discusses military ties in Pakistan visit. Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202501202399
  • IRNA. (2023, October 8). Raeisi: Tufan-e Al-Aqsa neshan dad ke rezhim-e Sahyonisti az hamishe zaiftar ast [Raeisi: Al-Aqsa Storm showed that the Zionist regime is weaker than ever]. https://www.irna.ir/news/85251373/
  • IRNA. (2024, April 2). Rahbar-e Enqelab: Rezhim-e Sahyonisti be mojazat-e eghdam-e jenayatkarane-ye khod khahad resid [Leader of the Revolution: The Zionist regime will be punished for its criminal action]. https://www.irna.ir/news/85432394/
  • ISNA. (2023, October 7). Rahim Safavi az omuriat-e ghururafarin-e Tufan-e Al-Aqsa hemayat mi-konim [Rahim Safavi: We support the proud Al-Aqsa Storm operation]. https://www.isna.ir/news/1402071509541/رحیم-صفوی-از-عملیات-غرورآفرین-طوفان-الاقصی-حمایت-می-کنیم
  • ISNA. (2024, April 2). Raeisi: Jenayat-e rezhim-e Sahyonisti bi pasokh nakhahad mand [Raeisi: The crime of the Zionist regime will not go unanswered]. https://www.isna.ir/news/1403011305128/
  • Jervis, R. (1992). Political implications of loss aversion. Political psychology, 187-204.
  • Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–91.
  • Kayhan. (2024a). Hich niru-ye Sepah dar majera-ye pijerha shahid nashode ast [No IRGC force was martyred in the pager incident]. https://kayhan.ir/fa/news/295823/هیچ-نیرویی-سپاه-در-ماجرای-پیجرها-شهید-نشده-است
  • Kayhan. (2024b, October 27). Pasokh-e Iran be Israil qat’i ast [Iran’s response to Israel is certain]. https://kayhan.ir/fa/news/298573/پاسخ-ایران-به-اسرائیل-قطعی-است
  • Khabaronline. (2023). Payam-e mühim-e Sarlashkar Bagheri be moghāvazan-e Felestin ba’d az Tufan-e Al-Aqsa [Important message from Major General Bagheri to Palestinian fighters after the Al-Aqsa Storm]. https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1822371/پ
  • Levy, J. S. (1997). Prospect theory, rational choice, and international relations. International studies quarterly, 41(1), 87-112.
  • Maoz, Z. (1990). Paradoxes of war: On the art of national self-entrapment. Unwin Hyman Press.
  • Mashregh News. (2024a, July 31). Payam-e Rahbar-e Enqelab dar pey-e shahadat-e Ismail Haniye ta daqayeqi digar [Message of the Leader of the Revolution following the martyrdom of Ismail Haniye in a few minutes]. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1628677/پیام-رهبر-انقلاب-در-پی-شهادت-اسماعیل-هنیه-تا-دقایقی-دیگر
  • Mashregh News. (2024b, September 28). Rah va maktab-e Seyyed-e moghavemat edame khahad yaft / zarbatha-ye jebhe-ye moghavemat bar [The path and school of the Sayyed of Resistance will continue / Blows of the resistance front on]. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1646904/راه-و-مکتب-سید-مقاومت-ادامه-خواهد-یافت-ضربات-جبهه-ی-مقاومت-بر
  • Middle East Monitor. (2023, November 25). Yemeni armed forces claim responsibility for Israeli ‘Kalandra’ attack. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231125-yemeni-armed-forces-claim-responsibility-for-israeli-kalandra-attack/
  • Morrow, J. D. (1985). A continuous-outcome expected utility theory of war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29(3), 473-502.
  • McDermott, R. (2001). Risk-taking in international politics: Prospect theory in American foreign policy.
  • McDermott, R. (2004). Prospect theory in political science: Gains and losses from the first decade. Political Psychology, 25(2), 289-312.
  • Nash, J. F. (1950). The bargaining problem. Econometrica, 18(2), 155-162.
  • Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988). Status quo bias in decision making. Journal of risk and uncertainty, 1, 7-59.
  • Schelling, T. C. (1980). The Strategy of Conflict: with a new Preface by the Author. Harvard university press.
  • Shahrvand Newspaper. (2024, September 17) Hadese-ye gheyr-e ensani dar Lobnan maye-ye sharmsari-ye Amrika ast [Inhumane incident in Lebanon is a source of shame for America]. https://shahrvand-newspaper.ir/News:NoMobile/Main/252768/حادثه-غیرانسانی-در-لبنان-مایه-شرمساری-آمریکا-است
  • Sinkaya, B. (2022). İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde dış politika: Çelişkiler ve ikilemler. In O. Karaoğlu & N. Elhan (Eds.), İran: Bir ülkenin akademik anatomisi (pp. 389–407). [Nobel Yayınevi].
  • Soltaninejad, M. (2019). Coalition-building in Iran’s foreign policy: understanding the ‘axis of resistance’. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 21(6), 716-731.
  • Tasnim News Agency. (2024a, April 2). Sepah: Rezhim-e Sahyonisti hazine-ye sangini baraye in jenayat pardakht khahad kard [IRGC: The Zionist regime will pay a heavy price for this crime]. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1403/01/13/3060139/
  • Tasnim News Agency. (2024b, October 2). Iran’s Defense Ministry warns of harsher blows to Israel. https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2024/10/02/3170123/iran-s-defense-ministry-warns-of-harsher-blows-to-israel
  • The Jerusalem Post. (2024, April 1). Israeli strike on Iranian consulate: Latest developments. https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-794673
  • The Times of Israel. (2024, October 1). Israel warns of consequences after Iran launches 181 missiles in major attack. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-warns-of-consequences-after-iran-launches-181-missiles-in-major-attack/
  • The Wall Street Journal. (2025, April 5). Israel says documents found in Gaza show Hamas’s attack planning, Iran ties. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-documents-found-in-gaza-show-hamass-attack-planning-iran-ties-8de1f533
  • Time. (2022, September 23). The Iran protests over Mahsa Amini’s death, explained. https://time.com/6220853/iran-protests-mahsa-amini-what-to-know/
  • U.S. Department of State. (2020). Country reports on terrorism 2020: Iran. https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/iran/
  • Uzun, E. (2022). The Axis of Resistance. In Modern Iran Encyclopedia (pp. 221–226). İRAM Yayınları.
  • Vertzberger, Y. Y. (1995). Rethinking and reconceptualizing risk in foreign policy decision-making: A sociocognitive approach. Political Psychology, 347-380.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Bilgehan Alagöz 0000-0002-6232-2991

Early Pub Date October 22, 2025
Publication Date October 27, 2025
Submission Date April 10, 2025
Acceptance Date July 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Alagöz, B. (2025). Uncertainty And Strategic Gamble in Foreign Policy: Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategy After October 7, 2023. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(4), 808-820. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1673604
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