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Bölgesel Ticaret Anlaşmalarının Ticaret Akımları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yapısal Yerçekimi Denklemi Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 569 - 583, 25.07.2025

Ebru Aricioğlu

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1673185

Öz

Bölgesel ticaret anlaşmaları, 1990’ların başından bu yana hızlı bir şekilde artmıştır ve hemen hemen tüm ülkeler bir veya daha fazla bölgesel ticaret anlaşması imzalamışlardır. Ayrıca bu anlaşmaların derinliği ve karmaşıklığı yıllar içinde giderek artmıştır. 1950'lerde Viner'in klasik gümrük birliği teorisinin geliştirilmesinden bu yana, bölgesel ticaret anlaşmalarının uluslararası ticaret hacmi üzerindeki etkisi üzerine çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Fakat bu çalışmaların sonuçları zaman zaman birbirleri ile çelişen sonuçlar vermektedir. Bu makale, bölgesel ticaret anlaşmalarının dış ticaret hacmi üzerindeki kısmi etkisini çekim modeli kullanarak analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada, Tinbergen ile başlayan ve günümüze kadar olan devam eden ekonomik entegrasyon literatüründeki gelişmeler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, uluslararası ve yurt içi ticaret verileri kullanılarak 1966-2020 dönemi için bölgesel ticaret anlaşmalarının uluslararası ticaret hacmi üzerindeki etkisi, çekim modelinin PPML tahmin yöntemi ile tahmin edilmesi ile ortaya konulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, en derin ve en eski ekonomik entegrasyonlardan biri olan Avrupa Birliği’nin standart bir bölgesel ticaret anlaşmasına kıyasla ikili ticareti önemli ölçüde artırdığını göstermektedir. Dolayısı ile, Avrupa Birliği'nin bu bağlamda uyguladığı politikalar, diğer ülkelerin imzalayacağı serbest ticaret anlaşmaları için yol gösterici nitelikte olabilir. Ayrıca çalışmadan elde edilen diğer sonuçlar ise, bölgesel ticaret anlaşmalarının ikili ticareti yurtiçi satışlara kıyasla daha fazla arttırdığını ve küreselleşmenin ülkeler arasındaki ticaret arttırdığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bölgesel Ticaret Anlaşmaları Yerçekimi Denklemi Ekonomik Entegrasyon

Kaynakça

  • Aitken, N. D. (1973). The Effect of the EEC and EFTA on European Trade: A Temporal Cross-Section Analysis. The American Economic Review, 63(5), 881–892. https://doi.org/1813911
  • Anderson, J. E. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. The American Economic Review, 69(1), 106–116.
  • Anderson, J. E. (2011). The Gravity Model. Annual Review of Economics, (3), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-111809-125114
  • Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle. The American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192.
  • Anderson, J. E., & Yotov, Y. V. (2016). Terms of trade and global efficiency effects of free trade agreements, 1990–2002. Journal of International Economics, (99), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.10.006
  • Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2007). Do free trade agreements actually increase members' international trade? Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 72–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.005
  • Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2009). Estimating the effects of free trade agreements on international trade flows using matching econometrics. Journal of International Economics, 77(1), 63-76.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006
  • Baier, S. L., & Standaert, S. (2024). Gravity, globalization and time-varying heterogeneity. European Economic Review, (163), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104679.
  • Baier, S. L., Yotov, Y. V., & Zylkin, T. (2019). On the widely differing effects of free trade agreements: Lessons from twenty years of trade integration. Journal of International Economics, (116), 206-226 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.11.002
  • Baldwin, R. (1993). A domino theory of regionalism (NBER Working Papers 4465). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Baldwin, R. (2014). Multilateralising 21st century regionalism. Global Forum on Trade Reconciling Regionalism And Multilateralism In A Post-Bali World, OECD Conference Centre, Paris.
  • Baldwin, R., & Daria, T. (2006). Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations (NBER Working Papers 12516). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Baldwin, R., & Jaimovich, D. (2012). Are Free Trade Agreements contagious? Journal of International Economics, 88(1), 1–16.
  • Barton, J., Goldstein, J., Josling, T., & Steinberg, R. (2006). Political Analysis of the Trade Regime. In The evolution of the trade regime: Politics, law, and economics of the GATT and the WTO. Princeton University Press.
  • Bergstrand, J. H., Larch, M., & Yotov, Y. V. (2015). Economic integration agreements, border effects, and distance elasticities in the gravity equation. European Economic Review, 78(C), 307–327.
  • Bhagwati, J. N. (1995). US trade policy: The infatuation with FTAs (Department of Economics Discussion Papers). Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CN7BFM
  • Bhagwati, J. N. (2008). Termites in the trading system: How preferential agreements undermine free trade (Faculty Books, 261).
  • Campos, R., Pienknagura, S., & Timini, J. (2023). How far has globalization gone? A tale of two regions (IMF Working Paper 23/255). International Monetary Fund.
  • Cheng, I.-H., & Wall, H. J. (2005). Controlling for heterogeneity in gravity models of trade and integration. Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 87(Jan), 49–63.
  • Dai, M., Yotov, Y. V., & Zylkin, T. (2014). On the trade-diversion effects of free trade agreements. Economics Letters, 122(2), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.12.024
  • Díaz-Mora, C., Esteve-Pérez, S., & Gil-Pareja, S. (2023). A re-assessment of the heterogeneous effect of trade agreements using intra-national trade flows. Economic Analysis and Policy, (77), 940–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.01.008
  • Disdier, C., & Head, K. (2008). The puzzling persistence of the distance effect on bilateral trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/40043123
  • Dür, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2014). The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset. The Review of International Organizations, (9), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-013-9179-8
  • Eaton, J., & Kortum, S. (2002). Technology, geography, and trade. Econometrica, (70), 1741-1779. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00352
  • Egger, P. H., Larch, M., & Yotov, Y. V. (2022). Gravity Estimations with Interval Data: Revisiting the Impact of Free Trade Agreements. Economica, 89(353), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12394
  • Eichengreen, B., & Irwin, D. A. (1998). The role of history in bilateral trade flows (NBER Working Paper Series). http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7819
  • Feyrer, J. (2021). Distance, trade, and income—The 1967 to 1975 closing of the Suez Canal as a natural experiment. Journal of Development Economics, (153), 102708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102708
  • Franco-Bedoya, S., & Frohm, E. (2020). Global trade in final goods and intermediate inputs: Impact of FTAs and reduced “Border Effects” (Working Paper No. 2410). European Central Bank. https://doi.org/10.2866/715139
  • Franco-Bedoya, S., & Frohm, E. (2022). Reduced ‘Border effects’, Free Trade Agreements and international trade. The World Economy, (45), 1112–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13211
  • Frankel, J., Stein, E., & Wei, S. (1995). Trading blocs and the Americas: The natural, the unnatural, and the supernatural. Journal of Development Economics, 47(1), 61–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00005-4
  • Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2013). Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit, and Cookbook. Handbook of International Economics, (4), 131–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00003-3
  • Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2021). The United States of Europe: A Gravity Model Evaluation of the Four Freedoms. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 35(2), 23–48.
  • Kataryniuk, I., P., J., & Viani, F. (2021). (De-)globalisation of trade and regionalisation: a survey of the facts and arguments (Banco de España Occasional Paper n.2124).
  • Krugman, P. (1991). The move toward free trade zones. Economic Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 5–25.
  • Krugman, P. (1993). Regionalism versus multilateralism: Analytic notes. In J. De Melo & A. Panagariya (Eds.), New dimensions in regional integration (pp. 58–84). Cambridge University Press.
  • Larch, M., Monteiro, J. A., Piermartini, R., & Yotov, Y. V. (2019). On the effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade (CESifo Working Paper No. 7721). Center for Economic Studies Institute http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3421148
  • Larch, M., & Yotov, Y. V. (2023). Estimating the effects of trade agreements: Lessons from 60 years of methods and data(CESifo Working Paper No. 10267). Center for Economic Studies Institute.
  • Mattoo, A., Mulabdic, A., & Ruta, M. (2022). Trade creation and trade diversion in deep agreements. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'éConomique, 55(3), 1598–1637. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12611
  • Mayer, T., Santacreu, G., & Vicard, V. (2023). The CEPII Trade and Production Database (CEPII 2023-01). CEPII Research Center.
  • Mayer, T., Vicard, V., & Zignago, S. (2018). The cost of non-Europe, revisited. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3160818
  • Santos Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The log of gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.88.4.641
  • Santos Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2022). The Log of Gravity at 15. Portuguese Economic Journal, (21), 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-021-00203-w
  • Spornberger, J. (2022). EU integration and structural gravity: A comprehensive quantification of the border effect on trade. Review of International Economics, 30(4), 915–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12589
  • Sun, L., & Reed, M. R. (2010). Impacts of Free Trade Agreements on Agricultural Trade Creation and Trade Diversion. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92(5), 1351–1363. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaq076
  • Tinbergen, J. (1963). Shaping the world economy. The International Executive, 5(1), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060050113
  • Viner, J. (1952). The customs union issue. Oxford University Press.
  • Weidner, M., & Zylkin, T. (2021). Bias and consistency in three-way gravity models. Journal of International Economics, (132), 103513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103513
  • Wölwer, A.-L., Breßlein, M., & Burgard, J. P. (2018). Gravity Models in R. Austrian Journal of Statistics, 47(4), 16–35 . https://doi.org/10.17713/ajs.v47i4.688
  • WTO. (2011). World Trade Report "The WTO and preferential trade agreements: From co-existence to coherence." https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm
  • WTO (2023) https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_e.htm Access Date: 10.07.2023
  • WTO (2024) https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/scope_rta_e.htm Access Date: 20.01.2024
  • Yotov, Y. V. (2012). A simple solution to the distance puzzle in international trade. Economics Letters, 117(3), 794–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.08.032
  • Yotov, Y. V. (2022). Gravity at sixty: The workhorse model of trade (CESifo Working Paper, No. 9584). Center for Economic Studies Institute.
  • Yotov, Y. V. (2024). The evolution of structural gravity: The workhorse model of trade. Contemporary Economic Policy, 42(4), 578–603.
  • Yotov, Y. V., Piermartini, R., Monteiro, J. A., & Larch, M. (2016). An advanced guide to trade policy analysis: The structural gravity model. WTO.

The Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade Flows: A Structural Gravity Equation Analyses

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 569 - 583, 25.07.2025

Ebru Aricioğlu

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1673185

Öz

Regional trade agreements have markedly increased over the past few decades. Almost every country participates in one or more regional trade agreements, and the depth and complexity of these signed agreements have also increased. Since the development of Viner's classic customs union theory in the 1950s, there has been considerable research on the effect of regional trade agreements on international trade volume. Still, the findings have been varied and mixed. This article analyses the partial effect of regional trade agreements on trade volume, tracing the advancements in gravity and economic integration literature from Tinbergen's initial research to the present day. In this context, by using international and intranational trade data, this article uses the gravity equation with the PPML estimation method to reveal the effect of regional trade agreements on trade flows for the 1966–2020 period. According to the results, besides international trade flows intranational trade flows and globalization are essential components when estimating the effects of regional trade agreements. Additionally, the findings show that the European Union, being one of the deepest and oldest economic integrations, considerably increases the bilateral trade compared to a standard regional trade agreement. Therefore, the policies implemented by the European Union in this context could serve as a guiding example for free trade agreements that other countries might sign.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Regional Trade Agreements Gravity Equation Economic Integration

Kaynakça

  • Aitken, N. D. (1973). The Effect of the EEC and EFTA on European Trade: A Temporal Cross-Section Analysis. The American Economic Review, 63(5), 881–892. https://doi.org/1813911
  • Anderson, J. E. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. The American Economic Review, 69(1), 106–116.
  • Anderson, J. E. (2011). The Gravity Model. Annual Review of Economics, (3), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-111809-125114
  • Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle. The American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192.
  • Anderson, J. E., & Yotov, Y. V. (2016). Terms of trade and global efficiency effects of free trade agreements, 1990–2002. Journal of International Economics, (99), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.10.006
  • Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2007). Do free trade agreements actually increase members' international trade? Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 72–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.005
  • Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2009). Estimating the effects of free trade agreements on international trade flows using matching econometrics. Journal of International Economics, 77(1), 63-76.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006
  • Baier, S. L., & Standaert, S. (2024). Gravity, globalization and time-varying heterogeneity. European Economic Review, (163), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104679.
  • Baier, S. L., Yotov, Y. V., & Zylkin, T. (2019). On the widely differing effects of free trade agreements: Lessons from twenty years of trade integration. Journal of International Economics, (116), 206-226 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.11.002
  • Baldwin, R. (1993). A domino theory of regionalism (NBER Working Papers 4465). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Baldwin, R. (2014). Multilateralising 21st century regionalism. Global Forum on Trade Reconciling Regionalism And Multilateralism In A Post-Bali World, OECD Conference Centre, Paris.
  • Baldwin, R., & Daria, T. (2006). Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations (NBER Working Papers 12516). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Baldwin, R., & Jaimovich, D. (2012). Are Free Trade Agreements contagious? Journal of International Economics, 88(1), 1–16.
  • Barton, J., Goldstein, J., Josling, T., & Steinberg, R. (2006). Political Analysis of the Trade Regime. In The evolution of the trade regime: Politics, law, and economics of the GATT and the WTO. Princeton University Press.
  • Bergstrand, J. H., Larch, M., & Yotov, Y. V. (2015). Economic integration agreements, border effects, and distance elasticities in the gravity equation. European Economic Review, 78(C), 307–327.
  • Bhagwati, J. N. (1995). US trade policy: The infatuation with FTAs (Department of Economics Discussion Papers). Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CN7BFM
  • Bhagwati, J. N. (2008). Termites in the trading system: How preferential agreements undermine free trade (Faculty Books, 261).
  • Campos, R., Pienknagura, S., & Timini, J. (2023). How far has globalization gone? A tale of two regions (IMF Working Paper 23/255). International Monetary Fund.
  • Cheng, I.-H., & Wall, H. J. (2005). Controlling for heterogeneity in gravity models of trade and integration. Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 87(Jan), 49–63.
  • Dai, M., Yotov, Y. V., & Zylkin, T. (2014). On the trade-diversion effects of free trade agreements. Economics Letters, 122(2), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.12.024
  • Díaz-Mora, C., Esteve-Pérez, S., & Gil-Pareja, S. (2023). A re-assessment of the heterogeneous effect of trade agreements using intra-national trade flows. Economic Analysis and Policy, (77), 940–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.01.008
  • Disdier, C., & Head, K. (2008). The puzzling persistence of the distance effect on bilateral trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/40043123
  • Dür, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2014). The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset. The Review of International Organizations, (9), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-013-9179-8
  • Eaton, J., & Kortum, S. (2002). Technology, geography, and trade. Econometrica, (70), 1741-1779. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00352
  • Egger, P. H., Larch, M., & Yotov, Y. V. (2022). Gravity Estimations with Interval Data: Revisiting the Impact of Free Trade Agreements. Economica, 89(353), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12394
  • Eichengreen, B., & Irwin, D. A. (1998). The role of history in bilateral trade flows (NBER Working Paper Series). http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7819
  • Feyrer, J. (2021). Distance, trade, and income—The 1967 to 1975 closing of the Suez Canal as a natural experiment. Journal of Development Economics, (153), 102708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102708
  • Franco-Bedoya, S., & Frohm, E. (2020). Global trade in final goods and intermediate inputs: Impact of FTAs and reduced “Border Effects” (Working Paper No. 2410). European Central Bank. https://doi.org/10.2866/715139
  • Franco-Bedoya, S., & Frohm, E. (2022). Reduced ‘Border effects’, Free Trade Agreements and international trade. The World Economy, (45), 1112–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13211
  • Frankel, J., Stein, E., & Wei, S. (1995). Trading blocs and the Americas: The natural, the unnatural, and the supernatural. Journal of Development Economics, 47(1), 61–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00005-4
  • Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2013). Gravity Equations: Workhorse, Toolkit, and Cookbook. Handbook of International Economics, (4), 131–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00003-3
  • Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2021). The United States of Europe: A Gravity Model Evaluation of the Four Freedoms. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 35(2), 23–48.
  • Kataryniuk, I., P., J., & Viani, F. (2021). (De-)globalisation of trade and regionalisation: a survey of the facts and arguments (Banco de España Occasional Paper n.2124).
  • Krugman, P. (1991). The move toward free trade zones. Economic Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 5–25.
  • Krugman, P. (1993). Regionalism versus multilateralism: Analytic notes. In J. De Melo & A. Panagariya (Eds.), New dimensions in regional integration (pp. 58–84). Cambridge University Press.
  • Larch, M., Monteiro, J. A., Piermartini, R., & Yotov, Y. V. (2019). On the effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade (CESifo Working Paper No. 7721). Center for Economic Studies Institute http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3421148
  • Larch, M., & Yotov, Y. V. (2023). Estimating the effects of trade agreements: Lessons from 60 years of methods and data(CESifo Working Paper No. 10267). Center for Economic Studies Institute.
  • Mattoo, A., Mulabdic, A., & Ruta, M. (2022). Trade creation and trade diversion in deep agreements. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'éConomique, 55(3), 1598–1637. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12611
  • Mayer, T., Santacreu, G., & Vicard, V. (2023). The CEPII Trade and Production Database (CEPII 2023-01). CEPII Research Center.
  • Mayer, T., Vicard, V., & Zignago, S. (2018). The cost of non-Europe, revisited. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3160818
  • Santos Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The log of gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.88.4.641
  • Santos Silva, J. M. C., & Tenreyro, S. (2022). The Log of Gravity at 15. Portuguese Economic Journal, (21), 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-021-00203-w
  • Spornberger, J. (2022). EU integration and structural gravity: A comprehensive quantification of the border effect on trade. Review of International Economics, 30(4), 915–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12589
  • Sun, L., & Reed, M. R. (2010). Impacts of Free Trade Agreements on Agricultural Trade Creation and Trade Diversion. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92(5), 1351–1363. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaq076
  • Tinbergen, J. (1963). Shaping the world economy. The International Executive, 5(1), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060050113
  • Viner, J. (1952). The customs union issue. Oxford University Press.
  • Weidner, M., & Zylkin, T. (2021). Bias and consistency in three-way gravity models. Journal of International Economics, (132), 103513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103513
  • Wölwer, A.-L., Breßlein, M., & Burgard, J. P. (2018). Gravity Models in R. Austrian Journal of Statistics, 47(4), 16–35 . https://doi.org/10.17713/ajs.v47i4.688
  • WTO. (2011). World Trade Report "The WTO and preferential trade agreements: From co-existence to coherence." https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm
  • WTO (2023) https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_e.htm Access Date: 10.07.2023
  • WTO (2024) https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/scope_rta_e.htm Access Date: 20.01.2024
  • Yotov, Y. V. (2012). A simple solution to the distance puzzle in international trade. Economics Letters, 117(3), 794–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.08.032
  • Yotov, Y. V. (2022). Gravity at sixty: The workhorse model of trade (CESifo Working Paper, No. 9584). Center for Economic Studies Institute.
  • Yotov, Y. V. (2024). The evolution of structural gravity: The workhorse model of trade. Contemporary Economic Policy, 42(4), 578–603.
  • Yotov, Y. V., Piermartini, R., Monteiro, J. A., & Larch, M. (2016). An advanced guide to trade policy analysis: The structural gravity model. WTO.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ebru Aricioğlu 0000-0001-8278-0167

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Aricioğlu, E. (2025). The Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade Flows: A Structural Gravity Equation Analyses. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3), 569-583. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1673185
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