Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye-Afrika İlişkilerinde Yumuşak Gücün Ekonomi ve Dış Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkileri: Somali Örneği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 102 - 118, 30.04.2025

Göksel Türker , Taner Akçacı

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1608490

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Afrika ile ilişkilerinde yumuşak güç kullanımının etkilerini Somali özelinde analiz etmektedir. Araştırma, güç, yumuşak güç ve sert güç kavramlarını, ilgili literatür çerçevesinde teorik bir temel oluşturarak ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, yumuşak gücün dış siyasetteki rolü ve etkisi, dış politika stratejileri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Somali’nin coğrafi, ekonomik ve toplumsal yapısı ise, yumuşak güç stratejilerinin bu bağlamda nasıl şekillendiğini anlamak için ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Somali'nin sömürgecilik döneminden günümüze uzanan siyasi tarihi de çalışmanın bir diğer önemli bileşenidir. Bu tarihsel analiz, yumuşak güç kavramının Somali gibi çatışma sonrası yeniden yapılanma sürecinde olan ülkelerdeki uygulanabilirliğini değerlendirmek için bir zemin sunmaktadır. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin Afrika kıtasına yönelik genel dış politikasını kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemekte ve Somali ile ilişkilerde bu politikanın özgün yansımalarını irdelemektedir. Özellikle Türkiye’nin yumuşak gücü, akıllı güç unsurlarıyla birleştiren yaklaşımına vurgu yapılmaktadır. Türkiye'nin sömürgeci geçmişe sahip olmaması ve yerel ihtiyaçlara duyarlılık göstermesi, Somali'de elde ettiği başarıda kritik bir rol oynamıştır. Araştırma bulguları, Türkiye'nin kalkınma yardımları, eğitim projeleri ve diplomatik girişimlerinin, diğer uluslararası aktörlerin sınırlı başarılarının aksine Somali’de anlamlı ekonomik, sosyal ve ticari kazanımlara yol açtığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’nin geliştirdiği kendine özgü stratejiler, Somali ile ilişkileri güçlendirmekle kalmayıp, benzer bağlamlarda etkili dış politika uygulamaları için bir model sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, uluslararası kuruluşlardan ve resmî belgelerden elde edilen verilerle desteklenen disiplinlerarası bir metodolojik çerçeve benimsenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yumuşak Güç Türkiye Siyasi İktisat Dış Ticaret

Kaynakça

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The Effects of Soft Power in Türkiye-Africa Relations on Economy and Foreign Trade: The Case of Somalia

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 102 - 118, 30.04.2025

Göksel Türker , Taner Akçacı

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1608490

Öz

This study examines Turkey's use of soft power in its relations with Africa, with a particular focus on Somalia. The research establishes a theoretical foundation by analyzing the concepts of power, soft power, and hard power within the relevant literature. In this context, the role and impact of soft power in foreign policy is evaluated in terms of foreign policy strategies. Somalia's geographical, economic, and social structures are analyzed to understand the application of soft power strategies in this context. The study also addresses Somalia's political history, from the colonial period to the present, to assess the relevance of soft power in post-conflict reconstruction. Turkey's overall foreign policy towards Africa is examined, with special attention to its unique approach in Somalia. This approach, which integrates soft power with elements of smart power, is highlighted as a significant factor in Turkey's success. Turkey's non-colonial history and responsiveness to local needs have been key to its achievements in Somalia. The findings reveal that Turkey's development aid, educational initiatives, and diplomatic efforts have led to substantial economic, social, and commercial gains, surpassing the outcomes of other international actors. Turkey’s tailored strategies strengthen its bilateral relations with Somalia and provide a model for effective foreign policy in similar contexts. The study employs an interdisciplinary methodology, drawing on data from international organizations and official documents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soft Power Türkiye’s Foreign Policy Political Economy Foreign Trade

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullahi, A. (2017). Making sense of Somali history (Vol. 1). Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd.
  • Abdulle, A. Y., & Gurpinar, B. (2019). Turkey's engagement in Somalia: A security perspective. Somali Studies, 4, pp. 53-71. https://mu.edu.so/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/SSJ-V4-article-3.pdf
  • Abdurrahim, S. (2022). The rise of Turkey's soft power in Africa: Reasons, dynamics, and constraints. International Journal of Political Studies, 8(2), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.25272/1icps.1117810
  • African Union Mission in Somalia. (2024). Somalia peace process. https://amisom-au.org/about-somalia/somali-peace-process
  • Aguiar, P. (2024, December 26). Ethiopia-Somalia agreement: Turkey’s rising influence in the Horn of Africa. Geopolitical Monitor. https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/ethiopia-somalia-agreement-turkeys-rising-influence-in-the-horn-of-africa/
  • Aizawa, J. T. (2020). The horn of Africa and the refugee field in Dadaab in Kenya. Brazilian Journal of African Studies, 5(10), s. 79-101. https://doi.org/10.22456/2448-3923.103154
  • Asa, R., & Güder, B. E. (2024). Türkiye-Africa relations in the context of summit diplomacy in the 21st century. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 11(103), pp. 149-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10616586
  • Bamberger, J. G., & Skovsted , K. (2016). Concessions and conflicts: Mapping oil exploration in Somalia and Ethiopia. Danish Institute for International Studies.
  • Bryden, M. (2013). Somalia redux?: Assessing the New Somali Federal Government. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Changhe, S. (2013). Soft power. In A. F. Cooper, J. Heine, & R. Thakur (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of modern diplomacy. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588862.001.0001
  • Compagnon, D. (1992). Political decay in Somalia: From personal rule to warlordism. Refuge, 12(5), pp. 8-13.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2001). Strategic depth: Turkey's International position (1st ed.). Küre Publishing.
  • Demirtaş, T. (2024, March 4). Turkish Influence expands: Turkey-Somalia maritime agreement in the Horn of Africa. Politics Today. https://politicstoday.org/turkey-presence-in-the-horn-of-africa-somalias-maritime-agreement/
  • Directorate of Religious Affairs. (2014). Research on religious life in Türkiye. Directorate of Religious Affairs.
  • Donelli, F. (2021). Turkey in Africa: Turkey's strategic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. I.B. Taurus.
  • Federal Republic of Somalia The Ministry of National Planning. (2021). Aid flows in Somalia. https://mop.gov.so/aid-flows-in-somalia-2021/
  • Ferguson, N. (2009, November 3). Think Again: Power. Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/03/think-again-power
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). State building: Governance and world order in the 21st century. Cornell University Press.
  • Gözen, R. (2009). Turkey's Foreign Policy from Empire to Global Actor. Palme Publishing.
  • Ingiriis, M. H. (2016). The suicidal state in Somalia: The rise and fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991. University Press of America.
  • International Trade Administration. (2024, January 22). Somalia - Country Commercial Guide. International Trade Administration. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/somalia-fisheries-and-blue-economy
  • Jaenen, C. J. (1957). The Somali Problem. African Affairs, 56(223), pp. 147-157. https://www.jstor.org/stable/718259
  • Johnson, L. B., & Inonu, I. (1966). President Johnson and Prime Minister Inonu: Correspondence between President Johnson and Prime Minister Inonu, June 1964, as released by the White House, January 15, 1966. The Middle East Journal, 20(3), pp. 386-393. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4324028
  • Karaoğlan, M. (2018, December). Turkey's soft power policies in Africa: Somalia example. [Master's thesis, Gazi University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
  • Kullenberg, G. (1999). The exclusive economic zone: Some perspectives. Ocean & Coastal Management, 42(9), pp. 849-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(99)00044-7
  • Lewis, I. M. (1988). A modern history of Somalia. Westview Press.
  • Lewis, I. M. (2008). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society. Columbia University Press.
  • Ljulj, A., Slapničar, V., Grubišić & I., Mihanović, L. (2022). Concept design of a hybrid offshore patrol vessel. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(1), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010012
  • Lundquist, E. (2008) What do offshore patrol vessels have in common? Not much. Naval Engineers Journal, 119(4), pp. 15-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2007.00082.x
  • Mallinckrodt, A. v. (2019). Power in the 21st Century. SSRN Electronic Journal (March 2019), pp. 1-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3437338
  • Martin, G. (2024, March 4). Somalia-Turkey Maritime Security Partnership Faces Stormy Waters. defenceWeb. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/governance/governance-governance/somalia-turkey-maritime-security-partnership-faces-stormy-waters/
  • Mcclelland, C. A. (2017). Power and influence. In J. R. Champlin (Ed.), Paradigms of political power. Routledge.
  • McGhie, M. P. (2010). Mediating Djibouti. Accord (21), pp. 20-23. https://www.c-r.org/accord/somalia/mediating-djibouti
  • Menkhaus, K. (2007). The crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in five acts. African Affairs, 106(424), pp. 357-390. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496459
  • Metz, H. C. (1993). Introduction. In H. C. Metz (Ed.), Somalia: A country study. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1985). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace (6th ed.). Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (2003). Historical dictionary of Somalia. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the Ameican Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), pp. 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699
  • Ododa, H. (1985). Somalia's domestic politics and foreign relations since the Ogaden War of 1977-1978. Middle Eastern Studies, 21(3), pp. 285-297. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283072
  • Office of the Auditor General of the Federal Government of Somalia. (2023). The audited annual financial statements of the Federal Government of Somalia for the year ended 31st December 2022. https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/2022.pdf
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2010). Official Gazette No. 27484. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/02/20100205-2.htm
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2011, April). Official Gazette No. 27905. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/04/20110414-7.htm
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2011, August 6). Official Gazette No. 28017. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/08/20110806-8.htm
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2012, October). Official Gazette No. 28437. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/10/20121010-4.htm
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2018, January). Official Gazette No. 30299. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/01/20180112M1-2.pdf
  • Official Gazette of Türkiye. (2018, June 27). Official Gazette No. 30461. Official Gazette of Türkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/06/20180627.htm
  • Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. (2023, April 25). Official Gazette No. 32171. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/04/20230425-2.pdf
  • Oğurlu, E. (2017). The African Opening in Turkish Foreign Policy. Research Journal of Politics, Economics and Management, 5(5), pp. 47-62. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seyad/issue/53364/709471
  • Oğurlu, E. (2018). Turkey's African Experience between 1998 and 2018: A transformation from an idea into action. Eurasian Studies, 54(2), pp. 65-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/avrasya/issue/48331/611951
  • Ohnesorge, H. W. (2020). Soft power: The forces of attraction in international relations. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29922-4
  • Oran, B. (2001). Turkish foreign policy (Vol. 1). Iletisim Publishing.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). Multiple faces of the "new" Turkish foreign policy: Underlying dynamics and a critique. Insight Turkey, 13(1), pp. 47-65. https://www.insightturkey.com/file/688/multiple-faces-of-the-new-turkish-foreign-policy-underlying-dynamics-and-a-critique-winter-2011-vol13-no1
  • Özbek, T. (2023, September 24). In which mission will offshore patrol vessels be Used?. TolgaOzbek.com. https://tolgaozbek.com/yazarlar/acik-deniz-karakol-gemileri-hangi-gorevlerde-kullanilacak
  • Özkan, M. (2010). What drives Turkey's involvement in Africa?. Review of African Political Economy, 37(126), pp. 533-540.
  • Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities. (2019). Türkiye scholarships 2019 annual report. Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities. https://arsiv.turkiyeburslari.gov.tr/Content/Upload/files/TB%20Rapor-2019.pdf
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2024). Ankara Declaration by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Federal Republic of Somalia facilitiated by the Republic of Türkiye. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/etiyopya-federal-demokratik-cumhuriyeti-ve-somali-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-ankara-bildirisi.en.mfa
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of National Defence. (2024, February 8). Minister of National Defense Yaşar Güler met with Somali Defense Minister Abdulkadir Muhammed Nur. https://www.msb.gov.tr/SlaytHaber/a0ff1d9e46d64eeea2a61c4ef2ea83da
  • Rossiter, A., & Cannon, B. J. (2019). Re-examining the "base": The political and security dimensions of Turkey's military presence in Somalia. Insight Turkey, 21(1), pp. 167-188. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26776053
  • Russell, B. (1986). The forms of power. In S. Lukes (Ed.), Power (pp. 19-27). New York University Press.
  • Samatar, S. S. (1993). Historical setting. In H. C. Metz (Ed.), Somalia: A country study (pp. 3-53). U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Sidhu, A. (2024, September 19). Türkiye’s defense industry emerges as a global player. Geopolitical Monitor. https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/turkiyes-defense-industry-emerges-as-a-global-player/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Somaliland Government. (2013, April 15). Turkey's contribution to efforts to overcome problems between Somalia and Somaliland. Somaliland Official Government Website. https://somalilandgov.com/turkeys-contribution-to-efforts-to-overcome-problems-between-somalia-and-somaliland/
  • Soylu, R. (2024, February 21). Somalia authorises Turkey to defend its sea waters in 'historic' deal. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/somalia-authorises-turkey-defend-its-sea-waters-deal
  • Stearns, J., & Sucuoglu, G. (2017). South-South cooperation and peacebuilding: Turkey's involvement in Somalia. South African Institute of International Affairs Policy Insights, (43), pp. 1-11. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25981
  • Stoica, A. (2021). The power of states as the basis for promoting national interests in the system of international relations. STRATEGIES XXI, (pp. 145-161). https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-10
  • The National Centre of Competence in Research North-South, (2024). Horn of Africa. https://www.nccr-north-south.ch/Pages/Horn-of-Africa.aspx
  • The World Bank. (2024a). Population, total - Somalia. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SO
  • The World Bank. (2024b). GDP (current US$) - Somalia. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=SO
  • Trading Economics. (2025). Turkey exports of arms and ammunition, parts and accessories to Somalia. https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/exports/somalia/arms-ammunition-parts-accessories
  • TRT News. (2024, March 15). Abdülhamid Han drilling ship is preparing for its new expedition. TRT News. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/abdulhamid-han-sondaj-gemisi-yeni-seferine-hazirlaniyor-844483.html
  • Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2019). Türkiye development assistance report 2019. https://tika.gov.tr/upload/sayfa/publication/2019/TurkiyeKalkinma2019Web.pdf
  • Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2024a). About us. TIKA. https://tika.gov.tr/kurumumuz/hakkimizda/
  • Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2024b). Turkish development assistance reports. TIKA. https://tika.gov.tr/basin-odasi/yayinlar/turkiye-kalkinma-yardimlari-raporlari/
  • Turner, B. (2008). The statesman's yearbook 2009: The politics, cultures and economies of the World. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Türkiye Exporters Assembly. (2024). Export figures. TiM. https://tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-rakamlari
  • UCL News. (2023, January 27). Opinion: Somaliland’s oil find could reset the regional balance - Here’s how. UCL News. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jan/opinion-somalilands-oil-find-could-reset-regional-balance-heres-how
  • UN General Assembly. (1965, December 18). Question of Cyprus. United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/203470?ln=en&v=pdf
  • United Nations. (2003). United Nations operation in Somalia II. Completed peacekeeping operations. UN. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2.htm
  • United Nations. (2008, October 17). General assembly elects Austria, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, Uganda to two-year terms on Security Council. United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. https://press.un.org/en/2008/ga10768.doc.htm
  • United Nations General Assembly. (1965, December 18). Question of Cyprus: Resolution (2077 XX Question of Cyprus). United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/660053
  • United Nations News. (2011, September 23). Tragedy of Somalia Shames the World, Turkish Leader Tells UN. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/09/388502
  • United Nations Political Office for Somalia. (2010, May 24). Istanbul Declaration. UNPOS. https://unpos.unmissions.org/istanbul-declaration
  • United Nations Security Council. (2023). Letter dated 29 September 2023 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Al-Shabaab addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2023/724). United Nations Security Council. https://undocs.org/en/S/2023/724
  • Urbano, A. (2017). Between occupation and liberation: Italian Somalia under British rule, 1941-1945. A. In Jackson, Y. Khan, & G. Singh (Eds.), An imperial world at war: Aspects of the British Empire's war experience (pp. 30-45). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315566818
  • Uysal, C. (2017). Foreign aids as soft power factor on Turkish foreign policy: Example of Somalia [Master thesis, Nişantaşı University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
  • Wesley, M. (2008). The state of the art on the art of state building. Global Governance, pp. 369-385. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/143894582.pdf
  • Wheeler, T. (2011). Ankara to Africa: Turkey's outreach since 2005. South African Journal of International Affairs, 18(1), pp. 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2011.564426
  • Wilson III, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), pp. 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312618
  • World Population Review. (2024). Oil Reserves by Country 2024. World Population Review: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/oil-reserves-by-country
  • Yüksel, F. & Kazancı, H. (2024, July 18). Türkiye signs deal for oil and gas exploration in Somalian offshore. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/general/turkiye-signs-deal-for-oil-and-gas-exploration-in-somalian-offshore/42542
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer), Kamu Yönetimi, Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Göksel Türker 0000-0003-3589-8271

Taner Akçacı 0000-0002-5343-0894

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Türker, G., & Akçacı, T. (2025). The Effects of Soft Power in Türkiye-Africa Relations on Economy and Foreign Trade: The Case of Somalia. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2), 102-118. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1608490
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