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Brezilya'da Yoksulluğu Azaltmada Kamu-Özel Sektör Enerji Yatırımlarının Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 508 - 518, 30.10.2023

Bekir Çelik

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1297400

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler’in sürdürülebilir kalkınma kapsamında temel hedefleri arasında yer alan yoksulluğun azaltılması konusu önem derecesi yüksek konular arasındadır. Kamu ve özel sektör enerji yatırımlarının yoksulluk üzerinde etkili olduğu hipotezi bu çalışma da ampirik olarak test edilecektir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, yoksulluk oranının dünya ortalamasının üzerinde yer aldığı ve enerji yatırım potansiyeli yüksek olan Brezilya’da 1994-2020 dönemi için yoksulluk, kamu-özel enerji yatırımı, kişi başına gelir ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönem dinamikleriyle incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak gecikmesi dağıtılmış otoregresif sınır testi (ARDL) yaklaşımı uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan ARDL sınır testi sonucunda, Brezilya’da yoksulluk, kamu-özel enerji yatırımı, kişi başına düşen gelir ve CO2 emisyonu arasında uzun dönemli bir eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi olduğu doğrulanmıştır. Uzun döneme ilişkin elde edilen bulgular, kamu-özel sektör enerji yatırımlarında ve kişi başına düşen gelirde yaşanacak bir artışın, kişi başına düşen nihai tüketim harcamasını artıracağını göstermiştir. CO2 emisyonun yoksulluk üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı görülmektedir. Son olarak, makale kısa dönem dinamikleri hakkında da bazı çıktılar sunmaktadır. Bu sonuçlardan hareketle, ilgili politika yapıcılar tarafından Brezilya özelinde kamu ve özel yenilebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına yönelik yatırımların teşvik edilmesinin hem Birleşmiş Milletler’in hedef gösterdiği sürdürülebilir kalkınma bağlamında hem de Brezilya’da var olan yoksulluğun azaltılması hedefi doğrultusunda oldukça önemli etkiler sunacağı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yoksulluk kamu özel sektör enerji yatırımları kişi başına gelir CO2 emisyonu

Teşekkür

Gösterdiğiniz ilgi nedeniyle şimdiden teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

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  • Akinlo, T., & Dada, J. T. (2021). The moderating effect of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation-poverty reduction nexus: evidence from sub-Saharan African countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(11), 15764–15784.
  • Ali, M. U., Gong, Z., Ali, M. U., Wu, X., & Yao, C. (2021). Fossil energy consumption, economic development, inward FDI impact on CO2 emissions in Pakistan: Testing EKC hypothesis through ARDL model. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(3), 3210–3221. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJFE.1958
  • Alinsato, A. S. (2015). Globalization, poverty and role of infrastructures. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 2(1s), 197–212.
  • Baloch, M. A., Danish, Khan, S. U. D., Ulucak, Z. Ş., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Analyzing the relationship between poverty, income inequality, and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of the Total Environment, 740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139867
  • Barak, D. (2022). The Impact of Income Inequality, Renewable Energy Consumption, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Per Capita Income on Poverty: Evidence from BRICS Economies. Ekonomika, 101(1), 62–83.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149–192. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2984889
  • Caglar, A. E. (2023). Can nuclear energy technology budgets pave the way for a transition toward low‐carbon economy: insights from the United Kingdom. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 198–210.
  • Caglar, A. E., Zafar, M. W., Bekun, F. V., & Mert, M. (2022). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the BRICS economies: The role of partnerships investment in energy and economic complexity. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 51, 101907. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2021.101907
  • Cunha, F. B. F., Mousinho, M. C. A. de M., Carvalho, L., Fernandes, F., Castro, C., Silva, M. S., & Torres, E. A. (2021). Renewable energy planning policy for the reduction of poverty in Brazil: lessons from Juazeiro. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(7), 9792–9810. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10668-020-00857-0/FIGURES/9
  • Dada, J. T., & Akinlo, T. (2021). Foreign direct investment and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: does environmental degradation matter? Future Business Journal 2021 7:1, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S43093-021-00068-7
  • Dong, K., Sun, R., & Dong, X. (2018). CO2 emissions, natural gas and renewables, economic growth: Assessing the evidence from China. Science of The Total Environment, 640–641, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.05.322
  • EIA. (2021). 2021 Brazil Primary Energy Data. International U.S. Energy Information Administration . https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/BRA
  • EPE. (2019). Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia - PDE. Empresa de Pesquisa Enérgita. https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/Documents/PDE 2029.pdf
  • Evcim, N., Güneş, S., & Karaalp Orhan, H. S. (2019). Yoksulluk ve ekonomik göstergeler arasindaki ilişki: Mena bölgesi analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 36, 291–310.
  • Faridi, M. Z., Chaudhry, M. O., & Azam, A. (2018). Do Economic Development , Urbanization and Poverty matter for Environmental Degradation ? Evidence from Pakistan. 38(1), 262–287.
  • Ferreira, F. H. G., Lanjouw, P., & Neri, M. (2003). A robust poverty profile for Brazil using multiple data sources. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 57(1), 59–92. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71402003000100003
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  • Fosu, A. K. (2017). Growth, inequality, and poverty reduction in developing countries: Recent global evidence. Research in Economics, 71(2), 306–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RIE.2016.05.005
  • Galvão, M. L. de M., Santos, M. A. dos, Silva, N. F. da, & Silva, V. P. da. (2020). Connections Between Wind Energy, Poverty and Social Sustainability in Brazil’s Semiarid. Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 864, 12(3), 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12030864
  • Garza-Rodriguez, J. (2018). Poverty and Economic Growth in Mexico. Social Sciences 2018, Vol. 7, Page 183, 7(10), 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI7100183
  • Haider, L. J., Boonstra, W. J., Peterson, G. D., & Schlüter, M. (2018). Traps and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas: A Review. World Development, 101, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.038
  • Huang, Y., Chen, C., Su, D., & Wu, S. (2020). Comparison of leading-industrialisation and crossing-industrialisation economic growth patterns in the context of sustainable development: Lessons from China and India. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1077–1085. https://doi.org/10.1002/SD.2058
  • İlarslan, K. (2021). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımlarının Finansal Belirleyicileri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(IERFM Özel Sayısı), 79–96.
  • Jin, G., Guo, B., & Deng, X. (2020). Is there a decoupling relationship between CO2 emission reduction and poverty alleviation in China? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151(119856), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119856
  • Koçak, E., & Çelik, B. (2022). The nexus between access to energy, poverty reduction and PM2.5 in Sub-Saharan Africa: New evidence from the generalized method of moments estimators. Science of The Total Environment, 827, 154377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.154377
  • Kousar, S., & Shabbir, A. (2021). Analysis of environmental degradation mechanism in the nexus among energy consumption and poverty in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(22), 27528–27541. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-020-12140-W/FIGURES/3
  • Marinho, E., Campelo, G., França, J., & Araujo, J. (2017). Impact of infrastructure expenses in strategic sectors for Brazilian poverty. EconomiA, 18(2), 244–259.
  • Medeiros, V., Riberio, R. S. M. R., & Amaral, P. V. M. do. (2021). Infrastructure and household poverty in Brazil: A regional approach using multilevel models. World Development, 137, 105118.
  • Nakabashi, L. (2018). Poverty and economic development: Evidence for the Brazilian states. EconomiA, 19(3), 445–458.
  • Nyasha, S., Gwenhure, Y., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2017). Poverty and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: A multivariate causal linkage. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(1), 343–359. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26415711
  • Okwanya, I., & Abah, P. O. (2018). Impact of energy consumption on poverty reduction in Africa. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS), 9(1), 5.
  • Okwanya, I., Moses, O., & Alhassan, A. (2015). Economic linkages between energy consumption and poverty reduction: Implication on sustainable development in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 3(2), 113–120. www.seahipub.org
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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE ENERGY INVESTMENTS IN REDUCING POVERTY IN BRAZIL

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 508 - 518, 30.10.2023

Bekir Çelik

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1297400

Öz

The issue of poverty reduction, which is among the main goals of the United Nations within the scope of sustainable development, is among the issues of high importance. The hypothesis that public and private sector energy investments have an effect on poverty will be empirically tested in this study. In this context, this paper aims to examine the long- and short-run dynamics between poverty, public-private energy investment, per capita income, and CO2 emissions in Brazil where the poverty rate is above the world average and has a high energy investment potential for the period 1994-2020. For this purpose, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach has been applied. As a result of the applied ARDL bounds test, a long-run cointegration relationship between poverty, public-private energy investment, per capita income, and CO2 emissions has been confirmed in Brazil. The long-run findings show that an increase in public-private sector energy investments and per capita income will increase final consumption expenditure per capita. It is seen that CO2 emissions do not have a significant effect on poverty. Finally, the paper also provides some output on short-run dynamics. Based on these results, it has been determined that the encouragement of investments in the use of public and private renewable energy resources by the relevant policy makers in Brazil will provide significant effects both in the context of sustainable development targeted by the United Nations and in line with the goal of poverty reduction in Brazil.

Anahtar Kelimeler

poverty public private energy investment per capita income CO2 emissions

Kaynakça

  • Aghaei, M., & Lin Lawell, C. Y. C. (2020). Energy, Economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in Iran. The Singapore Economic Review, 67(2), 733–754. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590820500198
  • Akinlo, T., & Dada, J. T. (2021). The moderating effect of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation-poverty reduction nexus: evidence from sub-Saharan African countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(11), 15764–15784.
  • Ali, M. U., Gong, Z., Ali, M. U., Wu, X., & Yao, C. (2021). Fossil energy consumption, economic development, inward FDI impact on CO2 emissions in Pakistan: Testing EKC hypothesis through ARDL model. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(3), 3210–3221. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJFE.1958
  • Alinsato, A. S. (2015). Globalization, poverty and role of infrastructures. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 2(1s), 197–212.
  • Baloch, M. A., Danish, Khan, S. U. D., Ulucak, Z. Ş., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Analyzing the relationship between poverty, income inequality, and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of the Total Environment, 740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139867
  • Barak, D. (2022). The Impact of Income Inequality, Renewable Energy Consumption, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Per Capita Income on Poverty: Evidence from BRICS Economies. Ekonomika, 101(1), 62–83.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149–192. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2984889
  • Caglar, A. E. (2023). Can nuclear energy technology budgets pave the way for a transition toward low‐carbon economy: insights from the United Kingdom. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 198–210.
  • Caglar, A. E., Zafar, M. W., Bekun, F. V., & Mert, M. (2022). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the BRICS economies: The role of partnerships investment in energy and economic complexity. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 51, 101907. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2021.101907
  • Cunha, F. B. F., Mousinho, M. C. A. de M., Carvalho, L., Fernandes, F., Castro, C., Silva, M. S., & Torres, E. A. (2021). Renewable energy planning policy for the reduction of poverty in Brazil: lessons from Juazeiro. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(7), 9792–9810. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10668-020-00857-0/FIGURES/9
  • Dada, J. T., & Akinlo, T. (2021). Foreign direct investment and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: does environmental degradation matter? Future Business Journal 2021 7:1, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S43093-021-00068-7
  • Dong, K., Sun, R., & Dong, X. (2018). CO2 emissions, natural gas and renewables, economic growth: Assessing the evidence from China. Science of The Total Environment, 640–641, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.05.322
  • EIA. (2021). 2021 Brazil Primary Energy Data. International U.S. Energy Information Administration . https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/BRA
  • EPE. (2019). Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia - PDE. Empresa de Pesquisa Enérgita. https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/Documents/PDE 2029.pdf
  • Evcim, N., Güneş, S., & Karaalp Orhan, H. S. (2019). Yoksulluk ve ekonomik göstergeler arasindaki ilişki: Mena bölgesi analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 36, 291–310.
  • Faridi, M. Z., Chaudhry, M. O., & Azam, A. (2018). Do Economic Development , Urbanization and Poverty matter for Environmental Degradation ? Evidence from Pakistan. 38(1), 262–287.
  • Ferreira, F. H. G., Lanjouw, P., & Neri, M. (2003). A robust poverty profile for Brazil using multiple data sources. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 57(1), 59–92. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71402003000100003
  • Ferreira, F. H. G., Leite, P. G., & Ravallion, M. (2010). Poverty reduction without economic growth?: Explaining Brazil’s poverty dynamics, 1985–2004. Journal of Development Economics, 93(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDEVECO.2009.06.001
  • Fosu, A. K. (2017). Growth, inequality, and poverty reduction in developing countries: Recent global evidence. Research in Economics, 71(2), 306–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RIE.2016.05.005
  • Galvão, M. L. de M., Santos, M. A. dos, Silva, N. F. da, & Silva, V. P. da. (2020). Connections Between Wind Energy, Poverty and Social Sustainability in Brazil’s Semiarid. Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 864, 12(3), 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12030864
  • Garza-Rodriguez, J. (2018). Poverty and Economic Growth in Mexico. Social Sciences 2018, Vol. 7, Page 183, 7(10), 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI7100183
  • Haider, L. J., Boonstra, W. J., Peterson, G. D., & Schlüter, M. (2018). Traps and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas: A Review. World Development, 101, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.038
  • Huang, Y., Chen, C., Su, D., & Wu, S. (2020). Comparison of leading-industrialisation and crossing-industrialisation economic growth patterns in the context of sustainable development: Lessons from China and India. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1077–1085. https://doi.org/10.1002/SD.2058
  • İlarslan, K. (2021). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımlarının Finansal Belirleyicileri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(IERFM Özel Sayısı), 79–96.
  • Jin, G., Guo, B., & Deng, X. (2020). Is there a decoupling relationship between CO2 emission reduction and poverty alleviation in China? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151(119856), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119856
  • Koçak, E., & Çelik, B. (2022). The nexus between access to energy, poverty reduction and PM2.5 in Sub-Saharan Africa: New evidence from the generalized method of moments estimators. Science of The Total Environment, 827, 154377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.154377
  • Kousar, S., & Shabbir, A. (2021). Analysis of environmental degradation mechanism in the nexus among energy consumption and poverty in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(22), 27528–27541. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-020-12140-W/FIGURES/3
  • Marinho, E., Campelo, G., França, J., & Araujo, J. (2017). Impact of infrastructure expenses in strategic sectors for Brazilian poverty. EconomiA, 18(2), 244–259.
  • Medeiros, V., Riberio, R. S. M. R., & Amaral, P. V. M. do. (2021). Infrastructure and household poverty in Brazil: A regional approach using multilevel models. World Development, 137, 105118.
  • Nakabashi, L. (2018). Poverty and economic development: Evidence for the Brazilian states. EconomiA, 19(3), 445–458.
  • Nyasha, S., Gwenhure, Y., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2017). Poverty and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: A multivariate causal linkage. The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(1), 343–359. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26415711
  • Okwanya, I., & Abah, P. O. (2018). Impact of energy consumption on poverty reduction in Africa. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS), 9(1), 5.
  • Okwanya, I., Moses, O., & Alhassan, A. (2015). Economic linkages between energy consumption and poverty reduction: Implication on sustainable development in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 3(2), 113–120. www.seahipub.org
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2010). The causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania: Evidence from ARDL bound testing approach. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1938–1943. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2009.10.010
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAE.616
  • Ponce, P., Del Río-Rama, M. de la C., Álvarez-García, J., & Oliveira, C. (2021). Forest Conservation and Renewable Energy Consumption: An ARDL Approach. Forests 2021, Vol. 12, Page 255, 12(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/F12020255
  • Rahman, M. M., & Kashem, M. A. (2017). Carbon emissions, energy consumption and industrial growth in Bangladesh: Empirical evidence from ARDL cointegration and Granger causality analysis. Energy Policy, 110, 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.09.006
  • Rasoulinezhad, E., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2021). Poverty reduction and energy transition in the commonwealth of independent states (CIS). Içinde Poverty Reduction for Inclusive Sustainable Growth in Developing Asia (ss. 211–229). Springer.
  • Rauf, A., Zhang, J., Li, J., & Amin, W. (2018). Structural changes, energy consumption and carbon emissions in China: Empirical evidence from ARDL bound testing model. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 47, 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STRUECO.2018.08.010
  • Şahbaz, A., Buluş, A., & Kaleci, F. (2016). Dışa açıklık, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve yoksulluk ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 15(4), 1106–1117.
  • Sehrawat, M., & Giri, A. K. (2016). Financial development and poverty reduction in India: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Social Economics, 43(2), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2014-0019/FULL/PDF
  • Sehrawat, M., & Giri, A. K. (2018). The impact of financial development, economic growth, income inequality on poverty: evidence from India. Empirical Economics, 55(4), 1585–1602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-017-1321-7
  • Şeyma Erdik, S., & Temurlenk, M. (2023). İklim Değişikliğinin Gelişmişlik ve Bölgesel Farklılıklar Bağlamında Tarımsal Katma Değer Üzerine Etkisi: Akdeniz Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 227–240.
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2013.04.009
  • Shahbaz, M., Raghutla, C., Song, M., Zameer, H., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Public-private partnerships investment in energy as new determinant of CO2 emissions: The role of technological innovations in China. Energy Economics, 86, 104664. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENECO.2020.104664
  • Solarin, S. A. (2022). Modelling Two Dimensions of Poverty in Selected Developing Countries: The Impact of Fossil Fuel Subsidies. Social Indicators Research, 160(1), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-021-02815-3/TABLES/7
  • Thiam, D. R. (2011). Renewable energy, poverty alleviation and developing nations: Evidence from Senegal. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 22, 23–34. http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1021-447X2011000300004&nrm=iso
  • Tsaurai, K. (2018). Investigating The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment On Poverty Reduction Efforts in Africa. Revista Galega de Economía, 27(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.27.2.5664
  • Ulussever, T., Kılıç Depren, S., Kartal, M. T., & Depren, Ö. (2023). Estimation performance comparison of machine learning approaches and time series econometric models: evidence from the effect of sector-based energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(18), 52576–52592.
  • Umar, M., Awosusi, A. A., Adegboye, O. R., & Ojekemi, O. S. (2023). Geothermal energy and carbon emissions nexus in leading geothermal-consuming nations: Evidence from nonparametric analysis. Energy & Environment, 0958305X231153972.
  • United Nations. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs
  • World Bank. (2015, Temmuz 28). What you need to know about energy and poverty. https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/what-you-need-know-about-energy-and-poverty
  • World Bank. (2021). Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) | Data. Içinde Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY
  • Yang, X., He, L., Xia, Y., & Chen, Y. (2019). Effect of government subsidies on renewable energy investments: The threshold effect. Energy Policy, 132, 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2019.05.039
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bekir Çelik 0000-0002-6345-4064

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, B. (2023). Brezilya’da Yoksulluğu Azaltmada Kamu-Özel Sektör Enerji Yatırımlarının Rolü. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1297400
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