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The Relationship between Political Stability and Income Inequality: Evidence from Panel Threshold Analysis for Upper Middle-Income Countries

Yıl 2024, , 574 - 588, 30.10.2024

Serap Barış , Özgür Koçbulut

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1471956

Öz

It is widely accepted that political instability or uncertainty is an obstacle to promoting economic growth around the world. Additionally, politically unstable economies are characterized by frequently changing policies that cause greater volatility and retard economic growth. Frequent changes of government, political violence, strikes or riots cause constant changes in future policies and programs, resulting in inefficient allocation of resources and therefore income. This study focuses on the role of political stability on income inequality. In the study, panel threshold analysis was conducted using data from 21 upper-middle income countries for the period 2002-2020. According to the findings, an increase in political stability below the threshold value reduces income inequality in upper-middle income countries. Above the threshold value, increasing political stability further reduces income inequality. This result indicates that ensuring political stability is an important tool in reducing income inequality in upper-middle income countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Political Stability Income Inequality Panel Threshold Analysis Upper Middle-Income Countries.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2005). Unbundling institutions. Journal of Political Economy 113(5), 949–995.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). De factopolitical power and institutional persistence. American Economic Review, 96(2), 325-330.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2010). The role of institutions in growth and development. Review of Economics and Institutions, 1(2), 1-13.
  • Adeleye, B. N. (2024). Income Inequality, Human Capital and Institutional Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Social Indicators Research, 171(1), 133-157.
  • Ahmed, U. A., Hakim, R. B. A., & Razak, N. A. A. (2021). The influence of institutional quality on income inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. European Academic Research, IX, 7.
  • Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. (2011) How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?. IMF Working Paper, WP/11/12. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1112.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2022).
  • Aizenman, J., & Jinjarak, Y. (2008). The collection efficiency of the Value Added Tax: Theory and international evidence. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 17(3), 391-410.
  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1996). Political instability and economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 189-211.
  • Amara, D.B., & Qiao, J. (2023). From economic growth to inclusive green growth: How do carbon emissions, eco-innovation and international collaboration develop economic growth and tackle climate change? Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 138986.
  • Andres, A. R., & Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2011). Is corruption really bad for inequality? Evidence from Latin America. Journal of Development Studies, 47(7), 959-976.
  • Asamoah, L. A. (2021). Institutional quality and income inequality in developing countries: A dynamic panel threshold analysis. Progress in Development Studies, 21(2), 123-143.
  • Asongu, S. A., & Vo, X. V. (2020). The effect of finance on inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: avoidable CO2 emissions thresholds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(26), 32707-32718.
  • Bahamonde, H., & Trasberg, M. (2021). Inclusive institutions, unequal outcomes: Democracy, state capacity, and income inequality. European Journal of Political Economy, 70, 102048.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (Fourth Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. England.
  • Baltagi, H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (Third Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, England.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-43.
  • Bilgili, F. Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Carmignani, F. (2003). Political instability, uncertainty and economics. Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(1), 1-54.
  • Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (Eds.). (2022). World inequality report 2022. Harvard University Press, https://wir2022.wid.world/download/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2024).
  • Chong, A., & Gradstein, M. (2007). Inequality and institutions. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(3), 454-465.
  • Cukierman, A., Edwards, S., & Tabellini, G. (1992). Seigniorage and political stability, American Economic Review, 82, 537-555.
  • Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 755–776.
  • Edwards, S., & Tabellini, G. (1991). Political instability, political weakness and inflation: An empirical analysis, Working paper 3721.
  • Fosu, A. K. (2002). Political instability and economic growth: Implications of coup events in Sub‐Saharan Africa. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61(1), 329-348.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2002). Corruption, economic growth and income inequality in Africa. Economics of Governance, 3, 183-209
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2), 148-161.
  • Hansen, B.E. (1999). Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93, 345-368.
  • Hansen, B.E. (2000). Sample splitting and threshold estimation. Econometrica, 68(3), 575-603.
  • Hartmann, D., Miguel, R. G., Jara-Figueroa, C., Aristara´n, M., & Hidalgo C. A. (2017). Linking economic complexity, institutions, and income inequality. World Development, 93, 75-93
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • Jahanger, A., Zaman, U., Hossain, M. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Articulating CO2 emissions limiting roles of nuclear energy and ICT under the EKC hypothesis: An application of non-parametric MMQR approach. Geoscience Frontiers, 14, 101589.
  • Jannils, Ł. (2021). The concept of political instability in economic research. International Journal of Management and Economics, 57(3), 268-284.
  • Jong-A-Pin, R. (2009). On the measurement of political instability and its impact on economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 25(1), 15-29
  • Josifidis, K., Supić, N., & Pucar, E. B. (2017). Institutional quality and income inequality in the advanced countries. Panoeconomicus, 64(2), 169-188.
  • Kammas, P., & Sarantides, V. (2019). Do dictatorships redistribute more?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 47(1), 176-195.
  • Kao, C., & Chiang, M. (2001). On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data. Advances in Econometrics, 15, 179-222.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues1. Hague journal on the rule of law, 3(2), 220-246.
  • Khan, H., Weili, L., & Khan, I. (2023). The effect of political stability, carbon dioxide emission and economic growth on income inequality: evidence from developing, high income and Belt Road initiative countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 6758-6785.
  • Kunawotor, M. E., Bokpin, G. A., & Barnor, C. (2020). Drivers of income inequality in Africa: Does institutional quality matter?. African Development Review, 32(4), 718-729.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1–28.
  • Levin, A,, Lin, C-F., & Chu, C-S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24.
  • Li, H., Xu, L. C., & Zou, H. F. (2000). Corruption, income distribution, and growth. Economics & Politics, 12(2), 155-182.
  • Li, R., Wang, X., & Wang, Q. (2022). Does renewable energy reduce ecological footprint at the expense of economic growth? An empirical analysis of 120 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 346, 131207.
  • Meniago, C., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Revisiting the finance-inequality nexus in a panel of African countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 46, 399–419.
  • Mun, H. W., Hook, L. S., Ahmad, M. N. N., & Mazlan, N. S. (2022). Does Recomposed Institutions Quality Alleviate Extreme Income Inequality?. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 56(2), 1-16.
  • Nel, P. (2003). Income inequality, economic growth, and political instability in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(4), 611-639.
  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nguyen, C. P., Schinckus, C., Su, T. D., & Chong, F. H. L. (2021). The influence of tourism on income inequality. Journal of Travel Research, 60(7), 1426-1444
  • Ongo Nkoa, B. E., & Song, J. S. (2022). Does institutional quality increase inequalities in Africa?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(3), 1896-1927.
  • Ozler, S., & Tabellini, G. (1991). External debt and political instability. NBER Working Paper no. 3772. https://www.nber.org/papers /w3772
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advances in Econometrics, 15, 93-130.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, 727-731.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 3,579-625.
  • Perera, D. H., & Lee, H. Y. (2013). Have economic growth and institutional quality contributed to poverty and inequality reduction in Asia? Journal of Asian Economics, 27, 71–86.
  • Rieth, M. (2017). Capital taxation and government debt policy with public discounting. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 85, 1-20.
  • Russett, B. M. (1964). Inequality and Instability: The Relation of Land Tenure to Politics. World Politics, 16(03), 442–454.
  • Saha, S., Beladi, H., & Kar, S. (2021). Corruption control, shadow economy and income inequality: Evidence from Asia. Economic Systems, 45(2), 100774.
  • Shehzadi, I., Siddique, H. M. A., & Majeed, M. T. (2019). Impact of political instability on economic growth, poverty and income inequality. Pakistan Business Review, 20(4), 825-838.
  • SKA (2024), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları, https://www.kureselamaclar.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024)
  • Solt, F. (2020). Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3), 1183-1199.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). Eşitsizliğin Bedeli. Bugünün Bölünmüş Toplumu Geleceğimizi Nasıl Tehlikeye Atıyor?, Çev: Ozan İşler, İletişim Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Schutz, R. R. (1951). On the measurement of income inequality. The American Economic Review, 41(1), 107-122.
  • Şanlısoy, S. (2020). Türkiye’de politik istikrarsızlık ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bir nedensellik analizi. Bilig, (92), 85-114.
  • The PRS Group (2022). The ICRG Methodology, https://www.prsgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2022 /04/ICRG-Method.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2024)
  • Venieris, Y. & Gupta, D (1986). Income distribution and socio-political instability as determinants of savings: A cross-sectional model. Journal of Political Economy, 96, 873 883.
  • Vu, T. V. (2022). Unbundling the effect of political instability on income redistribution. European Journal of Political Economy, 75, 102189.
  • Wang, Q. (2015). Fixed-effect panel threshold model using stata. The Stata Journal, 15(1), 121-134. Wang, Q., Yang, T. & Li, R. (2023). Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis. Environmental Research, 216, 114575.
  • Westerlund, J. (2005). New simple tests for panel cointegration, Econometric Reviews, 24(3), 297-316. Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 33(1), 193-203.
  • Zehra, S., Majeed, M. T., & Ali, A. (2021). Quality of Institutional Indicators and Income Inequality: A Global Panel Data Analysis of 114 Economies. Pakistan Journal of Economic Studies (PJES), 4(2), 165-204.
  • Zhang, H. (2023). Pathways to carbon neutrality in major exporting countries: The threshold effect of digital transition. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 7522-7542.
  • Zureiqat, H. M. (2005). Political Instability and Economic Performance: a Panel Data Analysis. Award Winning Economics Papers. 1, https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/econaward/1(Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2024)

Politik İstikrar ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Panel Eşik Değer Analizinden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2024, , 574 - 588, 30.10.2024

Serap Barış , Özgür Koçbulut

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1471956

Öz

Politik istikrarsızlık veya belirsizliğin dünya genelinde ekonomik büyümenin teşvik edilmesinin önünde bir engel olduğu yaygın olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ayrıca, politik açıdan istikrarsız ekonomiler, daha fazla oynaklığa neden olan ve ekonomik büyümeyi geciktiren sık değişen politikalarla karakterize edilir. Hükümetin sık sık değişmesi, siyasi şiddet, grevler ve/veya ayaklanmalar geleceğe yönelik politika ve programların sürekli değişmesine neden olarak kaynakların ve dolayısıyla gelirin etkinsiz dağılımına neden olur. Bu çalışma politik istikrarın gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki rolüne odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada 21 üst-orta gelirli ülkenin 2002-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak panel threshold analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, üst-orta gelirli ülkelerde eşik değerin altında politik istikrar artışı gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmaktadır. Eşik değerin üstünde politik istikrar artışı ise gelir eşitsizliğinde daha fazla azalışa yol açmaktadır. Bu sonuç, politik istikrarın sağlanmış olmasının üst-orta gelirli ülkelerde gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmada önemli bir araç olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Politik istikrar Gelir Eşitsizliği Panel Eşik Değer Analizi Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2005). Unbundling institutions. Journal of Political Economy 113(5), 949–995.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). De factopolitical power and institutional persistence. American Economic Review, 96(2), 325-330.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2010). The role of institutions in growth and development. Review of Economics and Institutions, 1(2), 1-13.
  • Adeleye, B. N. (2024). Income Inequality, Human Capital and Institutional Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Social Indicators Research, 171(1), 133-157.
  • Ahmed, U. A., Hakim, R. B. A., & Razak, N. A. A. (2021). The influence of institutional quality on income inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. European Academic Research, IX, 7.
  • Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. (2011) How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?. IMF Working Paper, WP/11/12. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1112.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2022).
  • Aizenman, J., & Jinjarak, Y. (2008). The collection efficiency of the Value Added Tax: Theory and international evidence. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 17(3), 391-410.
  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1996). Political instability and economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 189-211.
  • Amara, D.B., & Qiao, J. (2023). From economic growth to inclusive green growth: How do carbon emissions, eco-innovation and international collaboration develop economic growth and tackle climate change? Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 138986.
  • Andres, A. R., & Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2011). Is corruption really bad for inequality? Evidence from Latin America. Journal of Development Studies, 47(7), 959-976.
  • Asamoah, L. A. (2021). Institutional quality and income inequality in developing countries: A dynamic panel threshold analysis. Progress in Development Studies, 21(2), 123-143.
  • Asongu, S. A., & Vo, X. V. (2020). The effect of finance on inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: avoidable CO2 emissions thresholds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(26), 32707-32718.
  • Bahamonde, H., & Trasberg, M. (2021). Inclusive institutions, unequal outcomes: Democracy, state capacity, and income inequality. European Journal of Political Economy, 70, 102048.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (Fourth Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. England.
  • Baltagi, H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (Third Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, England.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-43.
  • Bilgili, F. Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Carmignani, F. (2003). Political instability, uncertainty and economics. Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(1), 1-54.
  • Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (Eds.). (2022). World inequality report 2022. Harvard University Press, https://wir2022.wid.world/download/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2024).
  • Chong, A., & Gradstein, M. (2007). Inequality and institutions. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(3), 454-465.
  • Cukierman, A., Edwards, S., & Tabellini, G. (1992). Seigniorage and political stability, American Economic Review, 82, 537-555.
  • Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 755–776.
  • Edwards, S., & Tabellini, G. (1991). Political instability, political weakness and inflation: An empirical analysis, Working paper 3721.
  • Fosu, A. K. (2002). Political instability and economic growth: Implications of coup events in Sub‐Saharan Africa. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61(1), 329-348.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2002). Corruption, economic growth and income inequality in Africa. Economics of Governance, 3, 183-209
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2), 148-161.
  • Hansen, B.E. (1999). Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93, 345-368.
  • Hansen, B.E. (2000). Sample splitting and threshold estimation. Econometrica, 68(3), 575-603.
  • Hartmann, D., Miguel, R. G., Jara-Figueroa, C., Aristara´n, M., & Hidalgo C. A. (2017). Linking economic complexity, institutions, and income inequality. World Development, 93, 75-93
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • Jahanger, A., Zaman, U., Hossain, M. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Articulating CO2 emissions limiting roles of nuclear energy and ICT under the EKC hypothesis: An application of non-parametric MMQR approach. Geoscience Frontiers, 14, 101589.
  • Jannils, Ł. (2021). The concept of political instability in economic research. International Journal of Management and Economics, 57(3), 268-284.
  • Jong-A-Pin, R. (2009). On the measurement of political instability and its impact on economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 25(1), 15-29
  • Josifidis, K., Supić, N., & Pucar, E. B. (2017). Institutional quality and income inequality in the advanced countries. Panoeconomicus, 64(2), 169-188.
  • Kammas, P., & Sarantides, V. (2019). Do dictatorships redistribute more?. Journal of Comparative Economics, 47(1), 176-195.
  • Kao, C., & Chiang, M. (2001). On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data. Advances in Econometrics, 15, 179-222.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues1. Hague journal on the rule of law, 3(2), 220-246.
  • Khan, H., Weili, L., & Khan, I. (2023). The effect of political stability, carbon dioxide emission and economic growth on income inequality: evidence from developing, high income and Belt Road initiative countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 6758-6785.
  • Kunawotor, M. E., Bokpin, G. A., & Barnor, C. (2020). Drivers of income inequality in Africa: Does institutional quality matter?. African Development Review, 32(4), 718-729.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1–28.
  • Levin, A,, Lin, C-F., & Chu, C-S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24.
  • Li, H., Xu, L. C., & Zou, H. F. (2000). Corruption, income distribution, and growth. Economics & Politics, 12(2), 155-182.
  • Li, R., Wang, X., & Wang, Q. (2022). Does renewable energy reduce ecological footprint at the expense of economic growth? An empirical analysis of 120 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 346, 131207.
  • Meniago, C., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Revisiting the finance-inequality nexus in a panel of African countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 46, 399–419.
  • Mun, H. W., Hook, L. S., Ahmad, M. N. N., & Mazlan, N. S. (2022). Does Recomposed Institutions Quality Alleviate Extreme Income Inequality?. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 56(2), 1-16.
  • Nel, P. (2003). Income inequality, economic growth, and political instability in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(4), 611-639.
  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nguyen, C. P., Schinckus, C., Su, T. D., & Chong, F. H. L. (2021). The influence of tourism on income inequality. Journal of Travel Research, 60(7), 1426-1444
  • Ongo Nkoa, B. E., & Song, J. S. (2022). Does institutional quality increase inequalities in Africa?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(3), 1896-1927.
  • Ozler, S., & Tabellini, G. (1991). External debt and political instability. NBER Working Paper no. 3772. https://www.nber.org/papers /w3772
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advances in Econometrics, 15, 93-130.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, 727-731.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 3,579-625.
  • Perera, D. H., & Lee, H. Y. (2013). Have economic growth and institutional quality contributed to poverty and inequality reduction in Asia? Journal of Asian Economics, 27, 71–86.
  • Rieth, M. (2017). Capital taxation and government debt policy with public discounting. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 85, 1-20.
  • Russett, B. M. (1964). Inequality and Instability: The Relation of Land Tenure to Politics. World Politics, 16(03), 442–454.
  • Saha, S., Beladi, H., & Kar, S. (2021). Corruption control, shadow economy and income inequality: Evidence from Asia. Economic Systems, 45(2), 100774.
  • Shehzadi, I., Siddique, H. M. A., & Majeed, M. T. (2019). Impact of political instability on economic growth, poverty and income inequality. Pakistan Business Review, 20(4), 825-838.
  • SKA (2024), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları, https://www.kureselamaclar.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024)
  • Solt, F. (2020). Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3), 1183-1199.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). Eşitsizliğin Bedeli. Bugünün Bölünmüş Toplumu Geleceğimizi Nasıl Tehlikeye Atıyor?, Çev: Ozan İşler, İletişim Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Schutz, R. R. (1951). On the measurement of income inequality. The American Economic Review, 41(1), 107-122.
  • Şanlısoy, S. (2020). Türkiye’de politik istikrarsızlık ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bir nedensellik analizi. Bilig, (92), 85-114.
  • The PRS Group (2022). The ICRG Methodology, https://www.prsgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2022 /04/ICRG-Method.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2024)
  • Venieris, Y. & Gupta, D (1986). Income distribution and socio-political instability as determinants of savings: A cross-sectional model. Journal of Political Economy, 96, 873 883.
  • Vu, T. V. (2022). Unbundling the effect of political instability on income redistribution. European Journal of Political Economy, 75, 102189.
  • Wang, Q. (2015). Fixed-effect panel threshold model using stata. The Stata Journal, 15(1), 121-134. Wang, Q., Yang, T. & Li, R. (2023). Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis. Environmental Research, 216, 114575.
  • Westerlund, J. (2005). New simple tests for panel cointegration, Econometric Reviews, 24(3), 297-316. Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 33(1), 193-203.
  • Zehra, S., Majeed, M. T., & Ali, A. (2021). Quality of Institutional Indicators and Income Inequality: A Global Panel Data Analysis of 114 Economies. Pakistan Journal of Economic Studies (PJES), 4(2), 165-204.
  • Zhang, H. (2023). Pathways to carbon neutrality in major exporting countries: The threshold effect of digital transition. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 7522-7542.
  • Zureiqat, H. M. (2005). Political Instability and Economic Performance: a Panel Data Analysis. Award Winning Economics Papers. 1, https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/econaward/1(Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2024)
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serap Barış 0000-0003-3905-4746

Özgür Koçbulut 0000-0003-3092-8400

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Barış, S., & Koçbulut, Ö. (2024). Politik İstikrar ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Panel Eşik Değer Analizinden Kanıtlar. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(4), 574-588. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1471956

Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.