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EFFECT OF MINORITY IDENTITY IN BILATERAL RELATIONS: THE CASE OF WESTERN TRACE

Yıl 2021, , 379 - 394, 07.05.2021

Gökhan Duman

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.867693

Öz

Identity that has significant impact on the decisions that individuals make in their daily lives, reveals the group identity to which individuals contribute to its formation as an effect of social life. Groups based on similarities use differences to distinguish themselves from other groups and highlighting these differences brings about both inter-group competition and identity changes over time. Depending on the place and position of the emerging group identities in society, some identities become dominant while others possess a subordinate position. Minorities are related with these subordinated identities and they may need to be recognized by special arrangements and protected within the framework of this recognition due to their differences compared to the dominant groups.
It is a problematic for international relations discipline that whether these subordinated groups that are composed by religion or ethnic based minorities, have an impact on both domestic and foreign policies of the states. Within this framework, this study aims to examine the impact of identity for minority groups through the Western Thrace minority group and its effects on the bilateral relations between Greece and Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Identity Minority Western Thrace Bilateral Relations

Kaynakça

  • AKERMARK, A.S. (1996). Justifications of Minority Protection In International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden.
  • ASHFORTH, B.E. ve JOHNSON, S. A. (2001). Which Hat to Wear? The Relative Salience of Multiple Identities in Organizational Contexts. İçinde TERRY, D. J. ve HOGG, M. A. (Edt.). Social Identity Processes In Organizational Contexts (ss.31-48), Psychology Press, New York.
  • BAŞ, H. (2005). Unutulan Batı Trakya Türkleri, Umay Yayınları, İzmir
  • BECK, U. ve BECK-GERNSHEIM, E. (2001). Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism And Its Social And Political Consequences, Sage, Londra.
  • BLOOM, W. (1990). Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • BREHM, S. S., KASSIN, S. ve FEIN, S. (1993). Social Psychology, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  • BRUBAKER, R. ve COOPER, F. (2000). “Beyond "Identity"”, Theory and Society, 29(1): 1-47.
  • CAMPBELL, D. (1992). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • COUNCIL OF EUROPE, (1999). “Ulusal Azınlıklar Çerçeve Sözleşmesi” https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016800c131f, (05.04.2020).
  • COUNCIL OF EUROPE, (1999). “Factsheet on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities”, https://www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/fcnm-factsheet (05.04.2020).
  • DIŞIŞLERI BAKANLIĞI (2020), “Yunanistan'daki Türk Varlığı”, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/bati-trakya-turk-azinligi.tr.mfa, (21.03.2020).
  • DESCHÊNES, J. (1985). Proposal Concerning a Definition of the Term "Minority" / submitted by Jules Deschênes. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/88267, (12.03.2020).
  • DOĞANYILMAZ DUMAN, D. (2020). Kimlik, Söylem ve Gruplar Arası Iletişim: Popülist Siyasetin Kimlik Siyaseti Ile Eklemlenmesi. İçinde E. Ünür ve D. Alkan Palalar (Edt.), Disiplinlerarası Boyutlarıyla Iletişim (ss. 261-276), Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • ERIKSEN, T. H. (2002). Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, Pluto Press, Londra.
  • GOULARAS, G. B. (2012). “1923 Türk-Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi ve Günümüzde Mübadil Kimlik ve Kültürlerinin Yaşatılması”, Alternatif Politika, 4(2): 129-146.
  • GRIGORIADIS, I. N. (2008). “On The Europeanization of Minority Rights Protection: Comparing the Cases of Greece and Turkey”, Mediterranean Politics, 13(1): 23-41.
  • GUZZINI, S. (2000). “A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations”. European Journal of International Relations, 6(2): 147-182.
  • HALL, S. (2014). 'Kimliğe' ihtiyaç duyan kim?. İçinde F. MOLLAER (Edt.), Kimlik Politikaları: Tanınma, Özdeşlik ve Farklılık (ss. 277-300), Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • HENRARD, K. (2000). Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden.
  • HOGG, M. A. ve ABRAMS, D. (2006). Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes, Routledge, Londra.
  • HOPF, T. (2002). Social Construction of International Politics: Identities And Foreign Policies, Moscow 1955 and 1999, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. (1990). Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece, Helsinki Watch, New York.
  • HUNTINGTON, S. P. (1993). “The Clash of Civilizations?”, Foreign Affairs, 72(3): 22-49.
  • MEARSHEIMER, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Norton, New York.
  • MUMMENDAY, A. ve WENZEL, M. (1999). “Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reaction to Intergroup Differences”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(2): 158-174.
  • ORAN, B. (1983). Türk Yunan İlişkilerinde Batı Trakya Sorunu, Bilgi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ORAN, B. (1999). Yunanistan’ın Lozan İhlalleri, SAEMK Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ÖZDEMIR, E. (2015), Kimlik. İçinde A. AYTEKIN ve G. ATILGAN (Edt.), Siyaset Bilimi - Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler (ss.3-18), Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
  • RUMELİLİ, B. ve TODD, J. (2017). “Paradoxes of Identity Change: Integrating Macro, Meso, And Micro Research on Identity in Conflict Processes”, Politics, 38(1): 3-18.
  • SAIDEMAN, S. M. (2002). “The Power of The Small: The Impact of Ethnic Minorities on Foreign Policy”, SAIS Review, 22(2): 93-105.
  • STRÖMBOM, L. (2014). “Thick Recognition: Advancing Theory on Identity Change in Intractable Conflicts”, European Journal of International Relations, 20(1): 168-191.
  • STRUCH, N. ve SCHWARTZ, S. H. (1989). “Inter-Group Aggression: Its Predictors and Distinctness From in-Group Bias”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 364–373.
  • TAJFEL, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • TAJFEL, H. (1982). “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations”, Annual Review of Psychology, 33: 1-39.
  • TAJFEL, H. ve TURNER, J. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. İçinde W. AUSTIN ve S. WORCHEL (Edt.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (ss. 33-47), Brooks/Cole, Monterey.
  • TREATY OF LAUSANNE (1923), https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne, (27.03.2020).
  • TURNER, J. (1982). Towards a Cognitive Redefinition of The Social Group. İçinde H.TAIFEL (Edt.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (ss. 15-40), Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER. (2010). Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation, Untied Nations, New York, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Minorities/Pages/internationallaw.aspx, (21.03.2020)
  • VENICE COMISSION. (1991). Proposal for a European Convention for the Protection of Minorities, Council of Europe.
  • WENDT, A. (1992). “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46: 391–425.
  • WENDT, A. (1994). “Collective Identity Formation and The International State”. American Political Science Review, 88(2): 384-396.
  • WENDT, A. (1998). “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations”, Review of International Studies, 24: 101-117.
  • WENDT, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • YINGER, J. M. (1994). Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict?, SUNY Press, New York.

Devletlerarası İkili İlişkilerde Azınlık Kimliği Etkisi: Batı Trakya Örneği

Yıl 2021, , 379 - 394, 07.05.2021

Gökhan Duman

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.867693

Öz

Bireylerin gündelik hayatlarında verdikleri kararları etkileyen kimlik olgusu, toplumsal hayatın bir etkisi olarak bireylerin oluşumuna katkı verdiği grup kimliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Benzerlikler üzerinden kurulan gruplar kendilerini diğer gruplardan ayırmak için farklıları kullanmakta ve bu farklılıkların ön plana çıkarılması durumu beraberinde hem gruplar arası rekabeti hem de kimliklerin zaman içerisinde değişime uğraması durumunu getirmektedir. Ortaya çıkan grup kimliklerinin toplumdaki yeri ve konumuna bağlı olarak kimi kimlikler egemen hale gelirken kimi kimlikler düşük konumda bulunurlar. Azınlık grupları ile bağdaştırılabilecek bu düşük konumda bulunan kimliklerin egemen gruplara göre farklı nitelikleri sebebiyle özel düzenlemelerle tanınması ve bu tanınma çerçevesinde korunması gerekebilmektedir.
Dini ve etnik azınlık olarak ortaya çıkan bu düşük konumdaki grupların devletlerin hem iç hem dış politikalarına etkilerinin olup olmadığı uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini için bir sorunsaldır. Bu anlamda, bu çalışmanın Batı Trakya azınlık grubu üzerinden kimlik olgusunun azınlık grubu için etkisini ve azınlık kimliğinin Yunanistan ve Türkiye arasındaki ikili ilişkilere olan etkisini incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kimlik Azınlık Batı Trakya Devletlerarası İlişkiler

Kaynakça

  • AKERMARK, A.S. (1996). Justifications of Minority Protection In International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden.
  • ASHFORTH, B.E. ve JOHNSON, S. A. (2001). Which Hat to Wear? The Relative Salience of Multiple Identities in Organizational Contexts. İçinde TERRY, D. J. ve HOGG, M. A. (Edt.). Social Identity Processes In Organizational Contexts (ss.31-48), Psychology Press, New York.
  • BAŞ, H. (2005). Unutulan Batı Trakya Türkleri, Umay Yayınları, İzmir
  • BECK, U. ve BECK-GERNSHEIM, E. (2001). Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism And Its Social And Political Consequences, Sage, Londra.
  • BLOOM, W. (1990). Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • BREHM, S. S., KASSIN, S. ve FEIN, S. (1993). Social Psychology, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
  • BRUBAKER, R. ve COOPER, F. (2000). “Beyond "Identity"”, Theory and Society, 29(1): 1-47.
  • CAMPBELL, D. (1992). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • COUNCIL OF EUROPE, (1999). “Ulusal Azınlıklar Çerçeve Sözleşmesi” https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016800c131f, (05.04.2020).
  • COUNCIL OF EUROPE, (1999). “Factsheet on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities”, https://www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/fcnm-factsheet (05.04.2020).
  • DIŞIŞLERI BAKANLIĞI (2020), “Yunanistan'daki Türk Varlığı”, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/bati-trakya-turk-azinligi.tr.mfa, (21.03.2020).
  • DESCHÊNES, J. (1985). Proposal Concerning a Definition of the Term "Minority" / submitted by Jules Deschênes. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/88267, (12.03.2020).
  • DOĞANYILMAZ DUMAN, D. (2020). Kimlik, Söylem ve Gruplar Arası Iletişim: Popülist Siyasetin Kimlik Siyaseti Ile Eklemlenmesi. İçinde E. Ünür ve D. Alkan Palalar (Edt.), Disiplinlerarası Boyutlarıyla Iletişim (ss. 261-276), Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • ERIKSEN, T. H. (2002). Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, Pluto Press, Londra.
  • GOULARAS, G. B. (2012). “1923 Türk-Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi ve Günümüzde Mübadil Kimlik ve Kültürlerinin Yaşatılması”, Alternatif Politika, 4(2): 129-146.
  • GRIGORIADIS, I. N. (2008). “On The Europeanization of Minority Rights Protection: Comparing the Cases of Greece and Turkey”, Mediterranean Politics, 13(1): 23-41.
  • GUZZINI, S. (2000). “A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations”. European Journal of International Relations, 6(2): 147-182.
  • HALL, S. (2014). 'Kimliğe' ihtiyaç duyan kim?. İçinde F. MOLLAER (Edt.), Kimlik Politikaları: Tanınma, Özdeşlik ve Farklılık (ss. 277-300), Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • HENRARD, K. (2000). Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden.
  • HOGG, M. A. ve ABRAMS, D. (2006). Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes, Routledge, Londra.
  • HOPF, T. (2002). Social Construction of International Politics: Identities And Foreign Policies, Moscow 1955 and 1999, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. (1990). Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece, Helsinki Watch, New York.
  • HUNTINGTON, S. P. (1993). “The Clash of Civilizations?”, Foreign Affairs, 72(3): 22-49.
  • MEARSHEIMER, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Norton, New York.
  • MUMMENDAY, A. ve WENZEL, M. (1999). “Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reaction to Intergroup Differences”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(2): 158-174.
  • ORAN, B. (1983). Türk Yunan İlişkilerinde Batı Trakya Sorunu, Bilgi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ORAN, B. (1999). Yunanistan’ın Lozan İhlalleri, SAEMK Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ÖZDEMIR, E. (2015), Kimlik. İçinde A. AYTEKIN ve G. ATILGAN (Edt.), Siyaset Bilimi - Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler (ss.3-18), Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
  • RUMELİLİ, B. ve TODD, J. (2017). “Paradoxes of Identity Change: Integrating Macro, Meso, And Micro Research on Identity in Conflict Processes”, Politics, 38(1): 3-18.
  • SAIDEMAN, S. M. (2002). “The Power of The Small: The Impact of Ethnic Minorities on Foreign Policy”, SAIS Review, 22(2): 93-105.
  • STRÖMBOM, L. (2014). “Thick Recognition: Advancing Theory on Identity Change in Intractable Conflicts”, European Journal of International Relations, 20(1): 168-191.
  • STRUCH, N. ve SCHWARTZ, S. H. (1989). “Inter-Group Aggression: Its Predictors and Distinctness From in-Group Bias”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 364–373.
  • TAJFEL, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • TAJFEL, H. (1982). “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations”, Annual Review of Psychology, 33: 1-39.
  • TAJFEL, H. ve TURNER, J. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. İçinde W. AUSTIN ve S. WORCHEL (Edt.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (ss. 33-47), Brooks/Cole, Monterey.
  • TREATY OF LAUSANNE (1923), https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne, (27.03.2020).
  • TURNER, J. (1982). Towards a Cognitive Redefinition of The Social Group. İçinde H.TAIFEL (Edt.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (ss. 15-40), Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER. (2010). Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation, Untied Nations, New York, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Minorities/Pages/internationallaw.aspx, (21.03.2020)
  • VENICE COMISSION. (1991). Proposal for a European Convention for the Protection of Minorities, Council of Europe.
  • WENDT, A. (1992). “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46: 391–425.
  • WENDT, A. (1994). “Collective Identity Formation and The International State”. American Political Science Review, 88(2): 384-396.
  • WENDT, A. (1998). “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations”, Review of International Studies, 24: 101-117.
  • WENDT, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • YINGER, J. M. (1994). Ethnicity: Source of Strength? Source of Conflict?, SUNY Press, New York.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Duman 0000-0002-7007-3542

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Duman, G. (2021). Devletlerarası İkili İlişkilerde Azınlık Kimliği Etkisi: Batı Trakya Örneği. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), 379-394. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.867693

Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.