Publication Ethics and Principles
Publication Ethics may be defined as a self-regulatory mechanism insisting on integrity on the part of authors, peer reviewers, and publishers to establish higher standards of editorial processing. Ethical standards for publication exist to ensure high-quality scientific publications, public trust in scientific findings, and that people receive credit for their ideas.
• Ethical researchers do not plagiarize.
• They do not misreport sources.
• They do not conceal objections that they cannot rebut.
• They do not caricature or distort opposing views.
• They do not destroy or conceal sources and data important for those who follow.

Peer-reviewed studies are the ones that support and materialize the scientific method. At this point, it is of utmost importance that all parties included in the publication process (authors, readers, and researchers, publisher, reviewers, and editors) comply with the standards of ethical considerations. The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences adheres to national and international standards on research and publication ethics. It complies with Press Law, Intellectual and Artistic Works Law, and Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive. The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences adopted the International Ethical Publishing Principles published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA). It also undertakes to comply with the Decisions of the Turkey Editors' Workshop.

Duplicate Publication
Duplicate publication is the publication of the same article or substantially similar articles in more than one journal. The editor returns the article unreviewed. After that, the editor may consider no articles by any of the authors for a period of time and may announce publicly in the journal (perhaps as a simultaneous announcement with the editor of the journal that published the earlier article) that the authors have submitted a previously published article, or may do any combination of these actions, at the editor’s discretion.

Simultaneous Submission of Manuscripts
Authors may not send the same manuscript to more that one journal at the same time. If the editor learns of possible simultaneous submission, the editor reserves the right to consult with the other editor(s) who have received the article. Further, the editor may return the article without review, or may reject it without regard to the reviews, or make this decision in discussion with the other editor(s) involved, and may decide to consider no articles from the author from the authors for a period of time, and may also write to the authors' employers, or may do any combination of these actions, at the editor’s discretion.

Publication Check for Plagiarism
In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences routinely screens article submissions for Plagiarism. The studies submitted for review are checked for plagiarism using the Turnitin software. The similarity rate is expected to be less than 20%. The main measure of similarity is that the author complies with the citation and citation rules. Even though the similarity rate is 1%, if the citation and citation are not duly made, plagiarism may still be in question. In this respect, citation and citation rules should be known and carefully applied by the author: APA 7
All submitted manuscripts to the journal are scanned for similarity via Turnitin to prevent plagiarism. Plagiarism, duplication, false authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, article slicing, slicing, copyright infringement, and concealment of conflict of interest are considered unethical behaviors. All articles that do not comply with accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. This includes articles with possible irregularities and inconsistencies detected after publication.

Data Fabrication and Falsification
Data fabrication means the researcher did not actually do the study but made up data. Data falsification means the researcher did the experiment but then changed some of the data. Both of these practices make people distrust scientists. If the public is mistrustful of science, then it will be less willing to provide funding support.

Human Participants
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences requires that all research involving personal or sensitive data or material relating to human participants that is not legally available to the public is subject to formal ethical review.

Dealing with Allegations of Research Misconduct
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences abides the Ethics Toolkit for a Successful Editorial Office. Editors of the Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences; will take reasonable steps to prevent the publication of papers where plagiarism, citation manipulation, data tampering, data fabrication, and other research misconduct have occurred. In no case will Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences or its editors knowingly allow such misconduct to occur. If the editors of Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences aware of any allegations of research misconduct related to an article published in their journal, they will follow COPE’s Ethical Principles Flow Chart.

Ethical Violation Notices
When readers notice a significant error or mistake in an article published in Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, or have any complaints about editorial content (plagiarism, duplicate articles, etc.), they can send an email to iibf@cumhuriyet.edu.tr. We welcome applications as it will provide an opportunity for us to improve, and we respond quickly and constructively.

Correction, Retraction, Expression of Concern
Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected. Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

Publication of Studies Based on Survey and Interview
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences adopts the "Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors" and "Code of Conduct for Journal Publishers" of the Publication Ethics Committee (COPE) in order to create ethical assurance in scientific periodicals. In this context, the authors are requested to comply with the following issues in the studies submitted to the journal:
1) For research conducted in all branches of science that require ethics committee permission (ethics committee approval must be obtained, this approval must be stated and documented in the article.
2) In research that requires ethics committee permission, information about the permission (name of the committee, date and number) is given in the method section, and after the bibliography section of the article; In case reports, information about signing the informed consent/consent form should be included in the article.

Special Issue Publishing Policy
A special issue may be published in our journal once a year upon the request of the Editorial Board. Articles submitted for inclusion in the special issue are first subjected to editorial preliminary review. It is then examined for compliance with the journal's spelling rules and similarity scanning is performed to prevent plagiarism. After these stages, it is taken into the peer evaluation process where the double-blind model is used.

Editorial Duty of Confidentiality
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences's editors treat all submitted manuscripts as confidential documents, which means they will not divulge information about a manuscript to anyone without the authors' permission. During the process of manuscript review the following people may also have access to manuscripts:
Editors and editorial staff at The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences,
External reviewers,
Members of the journal's editorial committees,
The only occasion when details about a manuscript might be passed to a third party without the authors’ permission is if the editor suspects serious research misconduct.

Allegations of Scientific misconduct - Suspect Research or Publication Misconduct
There are differing definitions of scientific misconduct. At the Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, we deal with these problems on a case by case basis while following guidance produced by the major publication ethics bodies. Editors have a duty to act if they suspect misconduct or if an allegation of misconduct is brought to them. This duty extends to both published and unpublished papers. Editors should not simply reject papers that raise concerns about possible misconduct. They are ethically obliged to pursue alleged cases. Editors should follow the COPE flowcharts where applicable. Editors should first seek a response from those suspected of misconduct. If they are not satisfied with the response, they should ask the relevant employers or institution, or some appropriate body (perhaps a regulatory body or national research integrity organization) to investigate. Editors should make all reasonable efforts to ensure that a proper investigation into alleged misconduct is conducted; if this does not happen, editors should make all reasonable attempts to persist in obtaining a resolution to the problem. This is an onerous but important duty.
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences abides the Ethics Toolkit for a Successful Editorial Office. Editors of Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences; will take reasonable steps to prevent the publication of papers where plagiarism, citation manipulation, data tampering, data fabrication, and other research misconduct have occurred. In no case will Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences or its editors knowingly allow such misconduct to occur. If Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences and its editors are aware of any allegations of research misconduct related to an article published in their journal, they will follow COPE’s guidelines in dealing with allegations. Reviewers should notify the Editor when they suspect research or publication misconduct. The editor is responsible for carrying out the necessary actions by following the COPE recommendations.
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences undertakes implementing the COPE Flowcharts when it encounters allegations of misconduct on the following or similar issues.
• Redundant (duplicate) publication in a submitted manuscript
• Plagiarism in a submitted manuscript
• Fabricated data in a submitted manuscript
• Changes in authorship
• Undisclosed conflict of interest in a submitted manuscript
• Ghost or gift authorship in a submitted manuscript
• Suspected ethical problem in a submitted manuscript
• Responding to whistleblowers when concerns are raised directly
• Responding to whistleblowers when concerns are raised via social media

Complaints Procedure
This procedure applies to complaints regarding content, procedures or policies that are the responsibility of Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences or our editorial staff. Complaints can provide an opportunity and incentive for improvement and we aim to respond quickly, courteously and constructively.
The complaint must be related to the content, procedures or policies that are the responsibility of Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences or our editorial team. Complaints should be emailed directly to iibf@cumhuriyet.edu.tr and will be treated confidentially. The editor responds to complaints immediately. The editor follows the procedure outlined in the COPE flowchart regarding complaints.
Complaints are reviewed by the relevant member of the editorial team and if they cannot be resolved, the following processes are followed:
• If this initial response is deemed inadequate, the complainant may request that their complaint be referred to a more senior member of the journal.
• If the complainant is dissatisfied, complaints can be forwarded to the editor-in-chief.
• A full response will be given within two weeks if possible.
COPE publishes a code of practice for editors of scientific journals. This will facilitate the resolution of disputes with editors, journals and publishers, but can only be submitted after the journal's own complaints procedures have been exhausted.

Appeal Process
Peer review by editors and external reviewers is usually based on a mix of evidence and opinion, and some decisions to reject may be close calls. We welcome serious appeals. If you believe that we have rejected your article wrongly, perhaps because we have misunderstood its scientific content, please submit an appeal (rebuttal) letter to our editorial team at iibf@cumhuriyet.edu.tr. Do not try to submit a revised version of your article at this stage. If we agree, on reading your rebuttal letter, that your appeal is warranted we may then invite you to submit a revised version of your article that we will enter again into our peer review process. Lastly, we can consider only one appeal per manuscript, so please spend as much time and effort on writing the rebuttal letter as you think necessary to put the case clearly - you have one chance, so use it well. We have found that prolonged negotiation over rejected papers are usually unsatisfactory for both authors and editors, so we no longer engage in this.

Conflicts of Interest
Conflict of interest exists when professional judgment concerning a primary interest may be influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain or personal rivalry). We believe that, to make the best decision on how to deal with an article, we should know about any competing interests that authors may have, and that if we publish the article readers should know about them too.
Conflict of Interest is any financial or other interest that may conflict with one's work, significantly impair objectivity, or provide an unfair advantage to any person or organization. All authors must disclose in their writing any financial and personal relationships with individuals or organizations that may be seen to improperly influence their work. All financial support resources and the role of sponsors in the study should be explained during the conduct of the research and the preparation of the article. If there is no source of funding, this should also be stated. Examples of potential conflicts of interest that need to be disclosed include consultations, hiring, grants.
Potential conflicts of interest should be disclosed at the earliest possible stage. The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences has a declared process for handling submissions from the editors, employees or members of the editorial board to ensure unbiased review. Such manuscripts are primarily directed to other journals. If this is not possible, the author's role in the Journal will be temporarily terminated. These submissions are reviewed through a double-blind process.
The editor must not be involved in decisions about papers which s/he has written him/herself or have been written by family members. Further, any such submission must be subject to all of the journal’s usual procedures. The editor shall apply the COPE guidelines relating to the disclosure of potential conflicts of interest by authors and reviewers.

Research Ethics
The Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.
• Principles of integrity, quality, and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design, and conducting the research.
The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research, and risks of participation in research.
• The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.
• Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.
• Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.
• The independence of research must be clear; any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.
• In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, the legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.
• If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.
• In studies with a human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.